1. These Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations) were developed on the basis of the Federal Law “On Accounting”.
2. The Regulations determine the procedure for organizing and maintaining accounting records, drawing up and submitting financial statements by legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation, regardless of their organizational and legal form (with the exception of credit institutions), as well as the organization’s relationship with external consumers of accounting information.
Branches and representative offices of foreign organizations located on the territory of the Russian Federation can keep accounting records based on the rules established in the country where the foreign organization is located, if the latter do not contradict the International Financial Reporting Standards developed by the International Financial Reporting Standards Committee.
3. The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, on the basis of the Federal Law “On Accounting” and these Regulations, develops and approves provisions (standards) for accounting, other regulatory legal acts and methodological guidelines for accounting, forming a system of regulatory regulation of accounting and mandatory for execution organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation, including when carrying out activities outside the Russian Federation.
4. In accordance with the Federal Law "On Accounting":
a) accounting is an orderly system of collecting, registering and summarizing information in monetary terms about the property, obligations of the organization and their movement through continuous, continuous and documentary accounting of all business transactions;
b) the objects of accounting are the property of organizations, their obligations and business transactions carried out by organizations in the course of their activities;
c) the main objectives of accounting are:
generation of complete and reliable information about the organization’s activities and its property status, necessary for internal users of financial statements - managers, founders, participants and owners of the organization’s property, as well as external users - investors, creditors and other users of financial statements;
providing information necessary for internal and external users of financial statements to monitor compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation when the organization carries out business operations and their feasibility, the availability and movement of property and liabilities, the use of material, labor and financial resources in accordance with approved norms, standards and estimates;
preventing negative results from the organization’s economic activities and identifying internal reserves to ensure its financial stability.
5. To carry out the organization of accounting, the organization, guided by the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting, regulations of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and bodies granted by federal laws the right to regulate accounting, independently forms its accounting policy, based on its structure, industry affiliation and others features of the activity.
6. Responsibility for organizing accounting in the organization and compliance with the law when carrying out business operations lies with the head of the organization.
7. The head of the organization can, depending on the volume of accounting work:
a) establish an accounting service as a structural unit headed by a chief accountant;
b) add an accountant position to the staff;
c) transfer on a contractual basis the maintenance of accounting to a centralized accounting department, a specialized organization or a specialist accountant;
d) keep accounting records personally.
The cases provided for in subparagraphs "b", "c" and "d" of this paragraph are recommended to be applied in organizations that, according to the legislation of the Russian Federation, are classified as small businesses.
8. The accounting policy adopted by the organization is approved by order or other written order of the head of the organization.
In this case it is stated:
working chart of accounts, containing the accounts used in the organization, necessary for maintaining synthetic and analytical accounting;
forms of primary accounting documents used for registration of business transactions, for which standard forms of primary accounting documents are not provided, as well as forms of documents for internal accounting reporting;
methods for assessing certain types of property and liabilities;
the procedure for conducting an inventory of property and liabilities;
document flow rules and accounting information processing technology;
the procedure for monitoring business transactions, as well as other decisions necessary for organizing accounting.
According to clause 70 of the Accounting Regulations, a reserve for doubtful debts is created based on the results of an inventory of receivables. Clause 3 of Article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes that the taxpayer has the right to create reserves for doubtful debts in the appropriate manner. How to form and reflect in accounting a reserve for doubtful debts?
Based on clause 70 of the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 N 34n, an organization can create reserves for doubtful debts in settlements with other organizations and citizens for products, goods, works and services with the allocation of reserve amounts to the financial results of the organization.
The reserve for doubtful debts for receivables not repaid on time under the contract and not secured by appropriate guarantees is created based on the results of the inventory of receivables.
According to clause 3.54 of the Methodological guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 13, 1995 N 49, an inventory of the reserve for doubtful debts created by an organization that uses the method of determining revenue from the sale of products (works, services) as goods are shipped (performance of work, provision of services) and presentation of settlement documents to the buyer (customer), consists in checking the validity of amounts that are not repaid within the time limits established by the contracts and are not provided with appropriate guarantees.
Taking into account clause 15 of the Methodological Recommendations on the procedure for forming indicators of an organization’s financial statements, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 28, 2000 N 60n, a reserve for doubtful debts of an organization is created in the prescribed manner not only at the end of the reporting year, but also at the end of the reporting quarter.
The procedure for creating reserves for doubtful debts is established in accordance with Article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, which states the following:
- doubtful debt is any debt to the taxpayer if this debt is not repaid within the time period established by the agreement and is not secured by a pledge, surety, or bank guarantee;
- the taxpayer has the right to create reserves for doubtful debts in the manner prescribed by Article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation;
- amounts of deductions to the reserve for doubtful debts are included in non-operating expenses on the last day of the reporting (tax) period;
- the amount of the reserve for doubtful debts is determined based on the results of the inventory of receivables carried out on the last day of the reporting (tax) period;
- although the amount of the reserve for doubtful debts is calculated in accordance with clause 4 of Article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the amount of this reserve should not exceed 10% of the revenue of the reporting (tax) period, determined in accordance with Article 249 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation;
- the reserve for doubtful debts can be used by the organization only to cover losses on bad debts recognized as such in accordance with Article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, bad debts (debts that are unrealistic for collection) are debts to the taxpayer for which the established limitation period has expired, as well as debts for which, in accordance with civil law, the obligation has been terminated due to the impossibility of its fulfillment on the basis of an act of a state body or liquidation of an organization;
- the amount of the reserve for doubtful debts that was not fully used by the taxpayer in the reporting period to cover losses on bad debts may be carried forward to the next reporting (tax) period. In this case, the amount of the reserve newly created based on the results of the inventory must be adjusted to the amount of the balance of the reserve of the previous reporting (tax) period. If the amount of the reserve newly created based on the results of the inventory is less than the amount of the balance of the reserve of the previous reporting (tax) period, the difference is subject to inclusion in the non-operating income of the taxpayer in the current reporting (tax) period.
If the amount of the reserve newly created based on the results of the inventory is greater than the amount of the balance of the reserve of the previous reporting (tax) period, the difference is subject to inclusion in non-operating expenses in the current reporting (tax) period;
- if the taxpayer has decided to create a reserve for doubtful debts, he writes off debts recognized as bad in accordance with Article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, at the expense of the amount of the created reserve, and if the amount of the created reserve is less than the amount of bad debts subject to write-off, includes the difference (loss ) as part of non-operating expenses.
Consequently, Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation gives the taxpayer the right to form an indicator of the reserve for doubtful debts for the reporting (tax) period.
The amount of the created reserves for doubtful debts is recorded in the accounting records as the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” and the credit of account 63 “Reserves for doubtful debts”. When writing off unclaimed debts that were previously recognized by the organization as doubtful, entries are made in the debit of account 63 “Provisions for doubtful debts” in correspondence with accounts for settlements with debtors (62 “Settlements with buyers and customers”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”) . The addition of unused amounts of reserves for doubtful debts to the profit of the reporting period following the period of their creation is reflected in the debit of account 63 “Provisions for doubtful debts” and the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
A.V.Vladimirova
Signed for seal
14.11.2002
"Tax Bulletin", 2002, N 12
2. The Regulations determine the procedure for organizing and maintaining accounting records, drawing up and submitting financial statements by legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation, regardless of their organizational and legal form (with the exception of credit organizations and state (municipal) institutions), as well as the organization’s relationship with external consumers accounting information.
Branches and representative offices of foreign organizations located on the territory of the Russian Federation can keep accounting records based on the rules established in the country where the foreign organization is located, if the latter do not contradict the International Financial Reporting Standards developed by the International Financial Reporting Standards Committee.
3. The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, on the basis of the Federal Law "On Accounting", develops and approves provisions (standards) for accounting, other regulatory legal acts and methodological guidelines for accounting, forming a system of regulatory regulation of accounting and mandatory for execution by organizations in the territory Russian Federation, including when carrying out activities outside the Russian Federation.
4. In accordance with the Federal Law "On Accounting":
A) - b) have lost their force. - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 29, 2017 N 47n;
C) the main objectives of accounting are:
Formation of complete and reliable information about the activities of the organization and its property status, necessary for internal users of financial statements - managers, founders, participants and owners of the organization’s property, as well as external users - investors, creditors and other users of financial statements;
Providing information necessary for internal and external users of accounting statements to monitor compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation when the organization carries out business operations and their feasibility, the availability and movement of property and liabilities, the use of material, labor and financial resources in accordance with approved norms, standards and estimates;
Preventing negative results from the organization’s economic activities and identifying internal reserves to ensure its financial stability.
5. To carry out the organization of accounting, the organization, guided by the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting, regulations of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and bodies granted by federal laws the right to regulate accounting, independently forms its accounting policy, based on its structure, industry affiliation and others features of the activity.
6. Responsibility for organizing accounting in the organization and compliance with the law when carrying out business operations lies with the head of the organization.
7. The head of the organization can, depending on the volume of accounting work:
A) establish an accounting service as a structural unit headed by a chief accountant;
B) add an accountant position to the staff;
C) transfer on a contractual basis the maintenance of accounting to a centralized accounting department, a specialized organization or a specialist accountant;
D) maintain accounting records personally.
The cases provided for in subparagraphs "b", "c" and "d" of this paragraph are recommended to be applied in organizations that, according to the legislation of the Russian Federation, are classified as small businesses.
8. The accounting policy adopted by the organization is approved by order or other written order of the head of the organization.
In this case it is stated:
A working chart of accounts, containing the accounts used in the organization, necessary for maintaining synthetic and analytical accounting;
Forms of primary accounting documents used for registration of business transactions, for which standard forms of primary accounting documents are not provided, as well as forms of documents for internal accounting reporting;
Methods for assessing certain types of property and liabilities;
The procedure for conducting an inventory of property and liabilities;
Document flow rules and technology for processing accounting information;
The procedure for monitoring business transactions, as well as other decisions necessary for organizing accounting.
With changes and additions from:
December 30, 1999, March 24, 2000, September 18, 2006, March 26, 2007, October 25, December 24, 2010
In pursuance of the Program for Reforming Accounting in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 6, 1998 N 283, and Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 1998 N 382-r, I order:
1. Approve the attached Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation.
2. To recognize as invalid:
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 26, 1994 N 170 “On the Regulations on Accounting and Reporting in the Russian Federation”;
paragraph 3 of Order No. 8 of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated February 3, 1997 “On the quarterly financial statements of the organization.”
|
M.M.Zadornov |
Registration N 1598
Position
on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation
(approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 29, 1998 N 34n)
I. General provisions
1. These Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations) were developed on the basis of the Federal Law “On Accounting”.
2. The Regulations determine the procedure for organizing and maintaining accounting records, drawing up and submitting financial statements by legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation, regardless of their organizational and legal form (with the exception of credit organizations and state (municipal) institutions), as well as the organization’s relationship with external consumers accounting information.
Branches and representative offices of foreign organizations located on the territory of the Russian Federation can keep accounting records based on the rules established in the country where the foreign organization is located, if the latter do not contradict the International Financial Reporting Standards developed by the International Financial Reporting Standards Committee.
3. The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, on the basis of the Federal Law "On Accounting", develops and approves provisions (standards) for accounting, other regulatory legal acts and methodological guidelines for accounting, forming a system of regulatory regulation of accounting and mandatory for execution by organizations in the territory Russian Federation, including when carrying out activities outside the Russian Federation.
4. In accordance with the Federal Law "On Accounting":
a) accounting is an orderly system of collecting, registering and summarizing information in monetary terms about the property, obligations of the organization and their movement through continuous, continuous and documentary accounting of all business transactions;
b) the objects of accounting are the property of organizations, their obligations and business transactions carried out by organizations in the course of their activities;
c) the main objectives of accounting are:
generation of complete and reliable information about the organization’s activities and its property status, necessary for internal users of financial statements - managers, founders, participants and owners of the organization’s property, as well as external users - investors, creditors and other users of financial statements;
providing information necessary for internal and external users of financial statements to monitor compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation when the organization carries out business operations and their feasibility, the availability and movement of property and liabilities, the use of material, labor and financial resources in accordance with approved norms, standards and estimates;
preventing negative results from the organization’s economic activities and identifying internal reserves to ensure its financial stability.
5. To carry out the organization of accounting, the organization, guided by the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting, regulations of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and bodies granted by federal laws the right to regulate accounting, independently forms its accounting policy, based on its structure, industry affiliation and others features of the activity.
6. Responsibility for organizing accounting in the organization and compliance with the law when carrying out business operations lies with the head of the organization.
7. The head of the organization can, depending on the volume of accounting work:
a) establish an accounting service as a structural unit headed by a chief accountant;
b) add an accountant position to the staff;
c) transfer on a contractual basis the maintenance of accounting to a centralized accounting department, a specialized organization or a specialist accountant;
d) keep accounting records personally.
The cases provided for in subparagraphs "b", "c" and "d" of this paragraph are recommended to be applied in organizations that, according to the legislation of the Russian Federation, are classified as small businesses.
8. The accounting policy adopted by the organization is approved by order or other written order of the head of the organization.
In this case it is stated:
working chart of accounts, containing the accounts used in the organization, necessary for maintaining synthetic and analytical accounting;
forms of primary accounting documents used for registration of business transactions, for which standard forms of primary accounting documents are not provided, as well as forms of documents for internal accounting reporting;
methods for assessing certain types of property and liabilities;
the procedure for conducting an inventory of property and liabilities;
document flow rules and accounting information processing technology;
the procedure for monitoring business transactions, as well as other decisions necessary for organizing accounting.
II. Basic accounting rules
Accounting requirements
9. The organization maintains accounting records of property, liabilities and business transactions (facts of economic activity) by double entry on interrelated accounting accounts included in the working chart of accounts.
The working chart of accounts is approved by the organization on the basis of the Chart of Accounts approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.
Accounting for property, liabilities and business transactions (facts of business activity) is carried out in the currency of the Russian Federation - in rubles. Documentation of property, liabilities and other facts of economic activity, maintenance of accounting registers and financial statements is carried out in Russian. Primary accounting documents compiled in other languages must have a line-by-line translation into Russian.
10. To maintain accounting records in an organization, an accounting policy is formed that presupposes the property isolation and continuity of the organization’s activities, the sequence of application of the accounting policy, as well as the temporal certainty of the facts of economic activity.
The organization's accounting policies must meet the requirements of completeness, prudence, priority of content over form, consistency and rationality.
11. In the accounting of an organization, current costs for production of products, performance of work and provision of services and costs associated with capital and financial investments are accounted for separately.
Documentation of business transactions
12. All business transactions carried out by the organization must be documented with supporting documents. These documents serve as primary accounting documents on the basis of which accounting is conducted.
The requirements of the chief accountant (hereinafter referred to as the chief accountant also means persons conducting accounting in the cases provided for in subparagraphs “b”, “c”, “d” of paragraph 7 of these Regulations) for documenting business transactions and submitting documents and information to the accounting service are mandatory for all employees of the organization.
13. Primary accounting documents must contain the following mandatory details: name of the document (form), form code, date of preparation; name of the organization on behalf of which the document was drawn up; content of a business transaction, measures of a business transaction (in kind and in monetary terms); names of positions of persons responsible for carrying out a business transaction and the correctness of its execution, personal signatures and their transcripts (including cases of creating documents using computer technology).
Primary accounting documents are accepted for accounting if they are drawn up in the form contained in the albums of unified (standard) forms of primary accounting documentation, and for documents whose form is not provided for in these albums and approved by the organization, they must contain mandatory details in accordance with the requirements of paragraph one of this paragraph.
Depending on the nature of the transaction, the requirements of regulations, accounting guidelines and technology for processing accounting information, additional details may be included in the primary documents.
14. The list of persons authorized to sign primary accounting documents is approved by the head of the organization in agreement with the chief accountant.
Documents used to formalize business transactions with funds are signed by the head of the organization and the chief accountant or persons authorized by them.
Without the signature of the chief accountant or a person authorized by him, monetary and settlement documents, financial and credit obligations are considered invalid and should not be accepted for execution (with the exception of documents signed by the head of the federal executive body, the design features of which are determined by separate instructions of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation) . Financial and credit obligations are understood as documents documenting an organization’s financial investments, loan agreements, credit agreements and agreements concluded on commodity and commercial loans.
In case of disagreements between the head of the organization and the chief accountant regarding the implementation of certain business transactions, the primary accounting documents on them can be accepted for execution with a written order from the head of the organization, who bears full responsibility for the consequences of carrying out such transactions and including data about them in accounting and accounting reporting.
15. The primary accounting document must be drawn up at the time of the business transaction, and if this is not possible, immediately after the completion of the transaction.
When selling goods, products, works and services using cash registers, it is allowed to draw up a primary accounting document at least once a day after its completion on the basis of cash receipts.
The creation of primary accounting documents, the procedure and timing of their transfer for reflection in accounting are carried out in accordance with the document flow schedule approved by the organization. Timely and high-quality execution of primary accounting documents, their transfer within the established time frame for reflection in accounting, as well as the reliability of the data contained in them are ensured by the persons who compiled and signed these documents.
16. Corrections to cash and bank documents are not allowed. Corrections can be made to other primary accounting documents only by agreement with the persons who compiled and signed these documents, which must be confirmed by the signatures of the same persons, indicating the date of the corrections.
17. To control and streamline the processing of data on business transactions, consolidated accounting documents can be compiled on the basis of primary accounting documents.
18. Primary and consolidated accounting documents can be compiled on paper and computer media. In the latter case, the organization is obliged to produce, at its own expense, copies of such documents on paper for other participants in business transactions, as well as at the request of the authorities exercising control in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the court and the prosecutor's office.
Accounting registers
19. Accounting registers are intended to systematize and accumulate information contained in primary accounting documents accepted for accounting, for reflection in accounting accounts and in financial statements.
Accounting registers can be kept in special books (magazines), on separate sheets and cards, in the form of machine diagrams obtained using computer technology, as well as on computer storage media. When maintaining accounting registers on computer media, it must be possible to output them to paper media.
Forms of accounting registers are developed and recommended by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, bodies that are granted the right to regulate accounting by federal laws, or federal executive authorities, organizations, subject to their compliance with the general methodological principles of accounting.
20. Business transactions must be reflected in accounting registers in chronological order and grouped according to the appropriate accounting accounts.
The correct reflection of business transactions in accounting registers is ensured by the persons who compiled and signed them.
21. When storing accounting registers, they must be protected from unauthorized corrections. Correction of an error in the accounting register must be justified and confirmed by the signature of the person who made the correction, indicating the date of the correction.
Persons who have access to information contained in accounting registers and internal accounting reports are required to maintain commercial and state secrets. For its disclosure they bear responsibility established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Valuation of property and liabilities
23. Property, liabilities and other facts of economic activity for reflection in accounting and financial statements are subject to valuation in monetary terms.
The assessment of property acquired for a fee is carried out by summing up the actual costs incurred for its purchase; property received free of charge - at market value on the date of capitalization; property produced in the organization itself - at the cost of its production (actual costs associated with the production of the property).
The actual costs incurred include, in particular, the costs of acquiring the property itself, interest paid on a commercial loan provided upon acquisition, markups (surcharges), commissions (cost of services) paid to supply, foreign economic and other organizations, customs duties and other payments, costs of transportation, storage and delivery carried out by third parties.
The current market value is formed on the basis of the price in effect on the date of recording of property received free of charge for this or a similar type of property. Data on the current price must be confirmed by documents or experts.
The cost of production recognizes the actual costs incurred associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, supplies, fuel, energy, labor resources and other costs for the production of the property in the process of manufacturing property.
The use of other valuation methods, including through reserving, is permitted in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as regulations of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and bodies granted by federal laws the right to regulate accounting.
24. Accounting entries for the organization’s foreign currency accounts, as well as for transactions in foreign currency, are made in rubles in amounts determined by converting foreign currency at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation effective on the date of the transaction. At the same time, these entries are made in the currency of settlements and payments.
25. Accounting for property, liabilities and business transactions may be kept in amounts rounded to whole rubles. The resulting amount differences are attributed to the financial results of a commercial organization or an increase in income (reduction of expenses) for a non-profit organization.
Inventory of property and liabilities
26. To ensure the reliability of accounting data and financial statements, organizations are required to conduct an inventory of property and liabilities, during which their presence, condition and valuation are checked and documented.
The procedure (number of inventories in the reporting year, dates of their conduct, list of property and liabilities checked during each of them, etc.) of the inventory is determined by the head of the organization, except for cases when the inventory is mandatory.
27. Carrying out an inventory is mandatory:
when transferring property for rent, redemption, sale, as well as during the transformation of a state or municipal unitary enterprise;
before drawing up annual financial statements (except for property, the inventory of which was carried out no earlier than October 1 of the reporting year). An inventory of fixed assets can be carried out once every three years, and of library collections - once every five years. In organizations located in the Far North and equivalent areas, inventory of goods, raw materials and materials can be carried out during the period of their smallest balances);
when changing financially responsible persons;
when facts of theft, abuse or damage to property are revealed;
in the event of a natural disaster, fire or other emergency situations caused by extreme conditions;
during reorganization or liquidation of the organization;
in other cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
28. Discrepancies identified during the inventory between the actual availability of property and accounting data are reflected in the accounting accounts in the following order:
a) surplus property is accounted for at market value on the date of the inventory and the corresponding amount is credited to the financial results of a commercial organization or an increase in income for a non-profit organization;
b) shortage of property and its damage within the limits of natural loss norms are attributed to production or distribution costs (expenses), in excess of norms - at the expense of the guilty persons. If the perpetrators are not identified or the court refuses to recover damages from them, then losses from the shortage of property and its damage are written off to the financial results of a commercial organization or an increase in expenses for a non-profit organization.
III. Basic rules for the preparation and presentation of financial statements
Basic Requirements
29. The organization must prepare financial statements for the month, quarter and year on an accrual basis from the beginning of the reporting year, unless otherwise established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. At the same time, monthly and quarterly financial statements are interim.
30. Accounting statements of organizations consist of:
a) balance sheet;
b) profit and loss statement;
c) appendices to them, in particular the cash flow statement, appendices to the balance sheet and other reports provided for by the regulations of the accounting regulatory system;
d) explanatory note;
e) an auditor's report confirming the reliability of the organization's financial statements, if they are subject to mandatory audit in accordance with federal laws.
31. Forms of financial statements of organizations, as well as instructions on the procedure for filling them out, are approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.
Other bodies, which are granted the right to regulate accounting by federal laws, approve, within their competence, the forms of accounting statements and instructions on the procedure for filling them out, which do not contradict the regulatory legal acts of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.
32. Accounting statements must provide a reliable and complete picture of the property and financial position of the organization, its changes, as well as the financial results of its activities.
When preparing financial statements, the organization is guided by these Regulations, unless otherwise established by other accounting provisions (standards).
33. The organization’s financial statements must include performance indicators of branches, representative offices and other structural units, including those allocated to separate balance sheets.
35. In the financial statements, data on numerical indicators are provided for at least two years - the reporting year and the one preceding the reporting year (except for the report prepared for the first reporting year).
If the data for the period preceding the reporting year are not comparable with the data for the reporting period, then the first of these data are subject to adjustment based on the rules established by regulations. Each significant adjustment must be disclosed in an explanatory note along with the reasons for it.
36. Accounting statements are prepared for the reporting year. The reporting year is considered to be the period from January 1 to December 31 of the calendar year inclusive.
The first reporting year for a newly created or reorganized organization is considered to be the period from the date of its state registration to December 31 inclusive, and for an organization newly created after October 1 (including October 1), from the date of state registration to December 31 of the following year inclusive.
Data on the facts of economic activities carried out before the state registration of the newly created organization are included in its financial statements for the first reporting year.
37. For the preparation of financial statements, the reporting date is considered to be the last calendar day of the reporting period.
38. Accounting statements are signed by the head and chief accountant of the organization.
In organizations where accounting is carried out on a contractual basis by a specialized organization (centralized accounting department) or a specialist accountant, the financial statements are signed by the head of the organization, the head of a specialized organization (centralized accounting department) or a specialist in charge of accounting.
The responsibility of the persons who signed the financial statements is determined in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
39. Changes in the financial statements relating both to the reporting year and to previous periods (after their approval) are made in the statements prepared for the reporting period in which distortions in its data were discovered.
40. In financial statements, offsets between items of assets and liabilities, items of profits and losses are not allowed, except in cases where such offset is provided for by the rules established by regulatory legal acts.
Rules for evaluating financial statements items
Unfinished capital investments
41. Unfinished capital investments include costs for construction and installation work, acquisition of buildings, equipment, vehicles, tools, inventory, other durable material objects not formalized by acceptance certificates and other documents, other capital works and costs (design - survey, geological exploration and drilling work, costs of land acquisition and resettlement in connection with construction, training of personnel for newly constructed organizations, and others).
The second paragraph is no longer valid.
42. Incomplete capital investments are reflected in the balance sheet at the actual costs incurred by the organization.
Financial investments
43. Financial investments include investments by an organization in government securities, bonds and other securities of other organizations, in the authorized (share) capital of other organizations, as well as loans provided to other organizations.
44. Financial investments are taken into account in the amount of actual costs for the investor. For debt securities, the difference between the amount of actual acquisition costs and the nominal value during their circulation period is allowed to be attributed evenly as the income due on them accrues to the financial results of a commercial organization or an increase in expenses of a non-profit organization.
Organizations acting as professional participants in the securities market may revaluate investments in securities purchased for the purpose of generating income from their sale as quotes on the stock exchange change.
Objects of financial investments (except for loans) that have not been paid in full are shown on the asset side of the balance sheet in the full amount of the actual costs of their acquisition under the agreement with the assignment of the outstanding amount to creditors in the liability side of the balance sheet in cases where the rights to the object have been transferred to the investor. In other cases, amounts contributed to the account of financial investment objects subject to acquisition are shown in the asset balance sheet under the item debtors.
45. An organization’s investments in shares of other organizations listed on the stock exchange, the quotation of which is regularly published, are reflected at the end of the reporting year at market value when preparing the balance sheet.
Fixed assets
46. Fixed assets as a set of material assets used as means of labor in the production of products, performance of work or provision of services, or for the management of an organization for a period exceeding 12 months or the normal operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months, include buildings, structures, working and power machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computer technology, vehicles, tools, production and household equipment and supplies, working and productive livestock, perennial plantings, on-farm roads and other fixed assets.
Fixed assets also include capital investments in radical land improvement (drainage, irrigation and other reclamation works) and in leased fixed assets.
Capital investments in perennial plantings and radical land improvement are included in fixed assets annually in the amount of costs related to the areas accepted for operation in the reporting year, regardless of the completion date of the entire complex of work.
Fixed assets include land plots owned by the organization and environmental management facilities (water, subsoil and other natural resources).
47. Completed capital investments in leased fixed assets are credited by the tenant organization to its own fixed assets in the amount of actual costs incurred, unless otherwise provided by the lease agreement.
48. The cost of the organization's fixed assets is repaid by calculating depreciation over their useful life.
Depreciation of fixed assets is calculated regardless of the results of the organization’s economic activities in the reporting period in one of the following ways:
linear method;
method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works, services);
reducing balance method;
a method of writing off cost based on the sum of the numbers of years of useful life.
Paragraph seven is no longer valid.
Fixed assets of non-profit organizations are not subject to depreciation.
The cost of land plots and environmental management facilities is not repaid.
49. Fixed assets are reflected in the balance sheet at their residual value, i.e. at the actual costs of their acquisition, construction and manufacture minus the amount of accrued depreciation.
Changes in the initial cost of fixed assets in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction and partial liquidation, revaluation of relevant objects are disclosed in the appendices to the balance sheet. A commercial organization has the right, no more than once a year (at the end of the reporting year), to revaluate fixed assets at replacement cost by indexation or direct recalculation at documented market prices with attribution of any resulting differences to the organization’s additional capital, unless otherwise established by regulatory legal acts in accounting.
50. Lost power.
51. Lost power.
52. Lost power.
53. Lost power.
54. Material assets remaining from the write-off of fixed assets unsuitable for restoration and further use are accounted for at market value on the date of write-off.
Intangible assets
55. Intangible assets used in economic activity for a period exceeding 12 months and generating income include rights arising:
from patents for inventions, industrial designs, selection achievements, from certificates for utility models, trademarks and service marks or licensing agreements for their use;
from rights to “know-how”, etc.
In addition, intangible assets include the business reputation of the organization.
56. The cost of intangible assets is repaid by calculating depreciation over the established period of their useful life.
For objects for which the cost is repaid, depreciation charges are determined in one of the following ways:
linear method based on standards calculated by the organization based on their useful life;
method of writing off cost in proportion to the volume of products (works, services).
Paragraph five is no longer valid.
Depreciation is not accrued for intangible assets of non-profit organizations.
Amortization of intangible assets is calculated regardless of the organization's performance in the reporting period.
The acquired business reputation of the organization must be adjusted within twenty years (but not longer than the life of the organization).
Depreciation charges for the positive business reputation of an organization are reflected in accounting by reducing its initial cost. The negative business reputation of the organization is written off in full to the financial results of the organization as other income.
57. Intangible assets are reflected in the balance sheet at their residual value, i.e. at the actual costs of acquisition, production and costs of bringing them to a state in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes, minus accrued depreciation.
Raw materials, materials, finished products and goods
58. Raw materials, main and auxiliary materials, fuel, purchased semi-finished products and components, spare parts, containers used for packaging and transportation of products (goods), and other material resources are reflected in the balance sheet at their actual cost.
The actual cost of material resources is determined based on the actual costs incurred for their acquisition and production.
Determining the actual cost of material resources written off for production is permitted using one of the following inventory valuation methods:
at the cost of a unit of inventory;
at average cost;
at the cost of the first acquisitions (FIFO).
59. Finished products are reflected in the balance sheet at the actual or standard (planned) production cost, including costs associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor resources and other costs for production of products or direct items in the production process costs.
60. Goods in organizations engaged in trading activities are reflected in the balance sheet at the cost of their acquisition.
When selling (dispensing) goods, their value may be written off using the valuation methods set out in paragraph 58 of these Regulations.
When an organization engaged in retail trade records goods at sales prices, the difference between the acquisition cost and the cost at sales prices (discounts, markups) is reflected in the financial statements as a value that adjusts the cost of goods.
61. Shipped goods, completed works and rendered services, for which revenue is not recognized, are reflected in the balance sheet at the actual (or standard (planned) full cost, which includes, along with production costs, costs associated with the sale (sale) of products, works, services , reimbursed by the agreed (contract) price.
62. The values provided for in paragraphs 58-60 of these Regulations, for which the price has decreased during the reporting year, or which have become obsolete or partially lost their original quality, are reflected in the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year at the price of possible sale, if it is lower than the original cost procurement (purchase), with attribution of the difference in prices to the financial results of a commercial organization or an increase in expenses of a non-profit organization.
Work in progress and deferred expenses
63. Products (works) that have not passed all stages (phases, redistributions) provided for by the technological process, as well as incomplete products that have not passed testing and technical acceptance, are classified as work in progress.
64. Work in progress in mass and serial production can be reflected in the balance sheet:
according to actual or standard (planned) production cost;
by direct cost items;
at the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products.
With a single production of products, work in progress is reflected in the balance sheet at the actual costs incurred.
65. Costs incurred by the organization in the reporting period, but relating to the following reporting periods, are reflected in the balance sheet in accordance with the conditions for recognition of assets established by regulatory legal acts on accounting, and are subject to write-off in the manner established for writing off the value of assets of this type.
Capital and reserves
66. The composition of the organization’s own capital takes into account the authorized (share), additional and reserve capital, retained earnings and other reserves.
67. The balance sheet reflects the amount of authorized (share) capital registered in the constituent documents as a set of contributions (shares, shares, shares) of the founders (participants) of the organization.
The authorized (share) capital and the actual debt of the founders (participants) for contributions (contributions) to the authorized (share) capital are reflected separately in the balance sheet.
State and municipal unitary enterprises, instead of authorized (share) capital, take into account the authorized capital formed in the prescribed manner.
68. The amount of additional valuation of non-current assets carried out in the prescribed manner, the amount received in excess of the par value of outstanding shares (share premium of a joint stock company), and other similar amounts are accounted for as additional capital and are reflected separately in the balance sheet.
69. The reserve fund created in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation to cover the losses of the organization, as well as to repay the organization’s bonds and repurchase its own shares is reflected separately in the balance sheet.
70. The organization creates reserves for doubtful debts in the event that accounts receivable are recognized as doubtful, with the amounts of the reserves attributed to the financial results of the organization.
An organization's receivables are considered doubtful if they are not repaid or with a high degree of probability will not be repaid within the time limits established by the agreement and are not secured by appropriate guarantees.
Paragraph three is no longer valid.
The amount of the reserve is determined separately for each doubtful debt, depending on the financial condition (solvency) of the debtor and the assessment of the likelihood of repaying the debt in whole or in part.
If by the end of the reporting year following the year in which the reserve for doubtful debts was created, this reserve is not used in any part, then the unspent amounts are added to the financial results when drawing up the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year.
71. Eliminated starting from the 2000 financial statements.
72. Lost power.
Settlements with debtors and creditors
73. Settlements with debtors and creditors are reflected by each party in its financial statements in the amounts arising from the accounting records and recognized by it as correct. For loans and credits received, the debt is shown taking into account the interest due at the end of the reporting period.
74. The amounts reflected in the financial statements for settlements with banks and the budget must be agreed upon with the relevant organizations and are identical. Leaving unresolved amounts for these settlements on the balance sheet is not permitted.
75. Balances of foreign currency funds on the organization’s foreign currency accounts, other funds (including monetary documents), short-term securities, receivables and payables in foreign currencies are reflected in the financial statements in rubles in amounts determined by converting foreign currencies at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation effective as of the reporting date.
76. Fines, penalties and penalties recognized by the debtor or for which court decisions on their collection have been received are attributed to the financial results of a commercial organization or an increase in income (reduction of expenses) of a non-profit organization and, before their receipt or payment, are reflected in the balance sheet of the recipient and the payer according to the items of debtors or creditors.
77. Accounts receivable for which the statute of limitations has expired, and other debts that are unrealistic for collection, are written off for each obligation based on the inventory data, written justification and order (instruction) of the head of the organization, and are assigned, respectively, to the account of the reserve for doubtful debts or to financial results of a commercial organization, if during the period preceding the reporting period, the amounts of these debts were not reserved in the manner prescribed by paragraph 75 of these Regulations, or to increase expenses of a non-profit organization.
Writing off a debt at a loss due to the debtor's insolvency does not constitute cancellation of the debt. This debt must be reflected on the balance sheet for five years from the date of write-off in order to monitor the possibility of its collection in the event of a change in the debtor's property status.
78. Amounts of accounts payable and depositors for which the statute of limitations has expired are written off for each obligation based on the inventory data, written justification and order (instruction) of the head of the organization, and are attributed to the financial results of a commercial organization or an increase in income of a non-profit organization.
Profit (loss) of the organization
79. Accounting profit (loss) is the final financial result (profit or loss) identified for the reporting period on the basis of accounting of all business transactions of the organization and assessment of balance sheet items according to the rules adopted by regulatory legal acts on accounting.
80. Profit or loss identified in the reporting year, but relating to operations of previous years, are included in the financial results of the organization for the reporting year.
81. Lost power.
82. In the case of the sale and other disposal of the organization’s property (fixed assets, inventories, securities, etc.), the loss or income from these transactions is attributed to the financial results of a commercial organization or an increase in expenses (income) of a non-profit organization.
83. In the balance sheet, the financial result of the reporting period is reflected as retained earnings (uncovered loss), i.e. the final financial result identified for the reporting period, minus taxes and other similar mandatory payments due from profits established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, including sanctions for non-compliance with tax rules.
IV. Procedure for submitting financial statements
84. All organizations submit annual financial statements in accordance with the constituent documents to the founders, participants of the organization or owners of its property, as well as to the territorial bodies of state statistics at the place of their registration. State and municipal unitary enterprises submit financial statements to bodies authorized to manage state property.
Financial statements are presented to other executive authorities, banks and other users in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The organization is obliged to submit financial statements to the established addresses, one copy free of charge.
85. Organizations are required to submit annual financial statements in the forms provided for in paragraph 30 of these Regulations.
Small businesses and non-profit organizations are not allowed to submit a cash flow statement. In addition, small businesses have the right not to submit an appendix to the balance sheet, other appendices and an explanatory note.
86. Organizations are required to submit annual financial statements within 90 days after the end of the year, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation, and quarterly financial statements in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation - within 30 days after the end of the quarter.
Within the specified time frame, the specific date for submitting financial statements is established by the founders (participants) of the organization or the general meeting.
Paragraph three is no longer valid.
87. Lost power.
88. The day an organization submits its financial statements is determined by the date of its mailing or the date of actual transmission according to ownership.
If the date of submission of financial statements falls on a non-working (weekend) day, then the reporting deadline is considered to be the first working day following it.
89. The annual financial statements of an organization are open to interested users: banks, investors, creditors, buyers, suppliers, etc., who can familiarize themselves with the annual financial statements and receive copies of them with reimbursement of copying costs.
The organization must provide an opportunity for interested users to familiarize themselves with the financial statements.
Accounting statements containing indicators classified as state secrets under the legislation of the Russian Federation are presented taking into account the requirements of the said legislation.
90. In cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, the organization publishes financial statements and an audit report.
Publication of financial statements is carried out no later than July 1 of the year following the reporting year, unless otherwise established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The procedure for publishing financial statements is established by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and the bodies that are granted the right to regulate accounting by federal laws.
V. Basic rules of consolidated financial statements
91. If an organization has subsidiaries and dependent companies, in addition to its own financial statements, consolidated financial statements are also compiled, including indicators of the reports of such companies located on the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad, in the manner established by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.
92. Lost power.
93. Lost power.
94. Lost power.
95. Lost power.
96. Consolidated financial statements are signed by the head and chief accountant of the organization.
97. The responsibility of the persons who signed the consolidated financial statements is determined in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
VI. Storage of accounting documents
98. The organization is obliged to store primary accounting documents, accounting registers and financial statements for periods established in accordance with the rules for organizing state archival affairs, but not less than five years.
99. The working chart of accounts, other accounting policy documents, coding procedures, computer data processing programs (indicating the terms of their use) must be stored by the organization for at least five years after the reporting year in which they were used for the preparation of financial statements for the last time.
100. Primary accounting documents can be seized only by the bodies of inquiry, preliminary investigation and prosecutor's office, courts, tax inspectorates and tax police on the basis of their decisions in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The chief accountant or other official of the organization has the right, with the permission and in the presence of representatives of the authorities conducting the seizure of documents, to make copies of them indicating the reason and date of seizure.
101. Responsibility for organizing the storage of primary accounting documents, accounting registers and financial statements lies with the head of the organization.
MINISTRY OF FINANCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
ON APPROVAL OF THE REGULATIONS
dated March 24, 2000 N 31n)
(as amended by the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation
dated 08/23/2000 N GKPI 00-645)
In pursuance of the Program for reforming accounting in accordance with international financial reporting standards, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 6, 1998 N 283, and order of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 21, 1998 N 382-r, I order:
1. Approve the attached Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation.
2. To recognize as invalid:
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 26, 1994 N 170 “On the Regulations on Accounting and Reporting in the Russian Federation”;
paragraph 3 of Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated February 3, 1997 No. 8 “On the quarterly financial statements of the organization.”
3. This Order will come into force on January 1, 1999.
Minister
M.M.ZADORNOV
Approved
By order of the Ministry of Finance
Russian Federation
dated July 29, 1998 N 34n
POSITION
ON ACCOUNTING AND ACCOUNTING
REPORTING IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
(as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 1999 N 107n,
dated March 24, 2000 N 31n)
I. General provisions
1. These Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations) were developed on the basis of the Federal Law “On Accounting”.
2. The Regulations determine the procedure for organizing and maintaining accounting records, drawing up and submitting financial statements by legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation, regardless of their organizational and legal form (with the exception of credit organizations and budgetary institutions), as well as the organization’s relationship with external consumers of accounting information.
(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 1999 N 107n)
Branches and representative offices of foreign organizations located on the territory of the Russian Federation can keep accounting records based on the rules established in the country where the foreign organization is located, if the latter do not contradict the International Financial Reporting Standards developed by the International Financial Reporting Standards Committee.
3. The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, on the basis of the Federal Law “On Accounting” and these Regulations, develops and approves provisions (standards) for accounting, other regulatory legal acts and methodological guidelines for accounting, forming a system of regulatory regulation of accounting and mandatory for execution organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation, including when carrying out activities outside the Russian Federation.
4. In accordance with the Federal Law "On Accounting":
a) accounting is an orderly system of collecting, registering and summarizing information in monetary terms about the property, obligations of the organization and their movement through continuous, continuous and documentary accounting of all business transactions;
b) the objects of accounting are the property of organizations, their obligations and business transactions carried out
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