On September 6, Chechnya celebrates Republic Day. Under General Dzhokhar Dudayev it was Independence Day. The new Chechen government is trying to prove that there is a big difference between Ichkeria and Chechnya
Pavel Sheremet, Moscow - Grozny
A trip to Chechnya is still an alarming business trip. Military and police officers here, however, no longer receive “combat” pay, and news about terrorist attacks and clashes with militants now more often come from other republics of the North Caucasus, but when going to Grozny, you cannot help but feel anxious. Everything Chechen seems dangerous, and everything dangerous seems Chechen. And to this day, in any conflict, people first look for the Chechen trace. In fact, it later turns out that the car thieves were Ingush, the net-setters were Georgians, the suicide bombers came to the Russian capital from Dagestan, and the businessman’s kidnappers were the most Russian guys. But the first reaction to any emergency is always the same - a Chechen trace. Sociologists have chosen a definition for this - the Chechen syndrome...
Portrait likeness
At the check-in counter at the airport for the Moscow-Grozny flight, you expect to encounter, if not Wahhabis, then brutal-looking bearded men. But there are no bearded men. Several women, a couple of policemen, a group of federal officials are flying to Grozny, there is also an English journalist, a general from the Federal Drug Control Service and several young people who are clearly not Caucasian in appearance. At first we look at each other with suspicion, you never know what business someone has in Grozny, we’re not flying to a resort. “Don’t worry, I’m flying for the second time in a month. Everything is calm there,” the guy in a tracksuit suddenly smiles. “Are you an athlete?” I ask the guy. “Are you flying to competitions?” "I'm not an athlete, I'm a signalman." "Military?" — I still cling to my ideas from the past, when, in principle, there could be no other signalmen in Chechnya except the military. “Why military?” the guy is surprised. “We are laying telephone lines in new areas. There are no specialists, so they invite us for a week or two.”
The airport building in Grozny is new, brand new. On the façade are portraits of the presidents: Kadyrov the father and Dmitry Medvedev. On the other side of the building is a portrait of Vladimir Putin, a huge poster of the head of the republic, Kadyrov the Son, and the signature “Happiness lies in serving the people.” In general, there are a lot of portraits in Grozny. The most common image is of Akhmad Hadji Kadyrov. Portraits, as a rule, are signed: “We remember, we love”, “He left undefeated” (this is a quote from Putin). There are many more portraits of Putin himself and Dmitry Medvedev. Here they believe that such visual propaganda instills respect for authority. This, one must understand, explains the many portraits of other heroes - Ramzan Kadyrov, his late brother (on the facade of the concert hall), his mother and closest associates.
At the end of August, the birthday of Akhmad Hadji Kadyrov was celebrated. Usually this is accompanied by large-scale celebrations, but now in Chechnya the holy month of Ramadan, devout Muslims are observing fast (a 30-day fast, during which one must abstain from food, drink, games and shows until dark), and the celebrations have been cancelled. Almost all cafes and restaurants are closed until eight in the evening, and alcohol has disappeared from the shelves.
Activists from the Center for Spiritual and Moral Education and Development patrol the streets of the city and read sermons to people right on the sidewalk. They urge cafe owners not to work during the day so as not to tempt Muslims. The owners are being conscious: the vast majority of catering establishments are closed. Activists also stop and conduct educational conversations with girls who, in their opinion, are dressed too provocatively - for example, they go without a headscarf or wear sleeveless blouses. References to 35-degree heat are not accepted.
Ismail is on duty near the central city library on Putin Avenue, this is the former Victory Avenue. He returned to Chechnya from Tyumen several years ago. It’s difficult to find work, so he became an activist at the center.
I point out to Ismail a striking young Chechen woman passing by, dressed quite provocatively from the point of view of a normal young guy.
- For example, is she dressed provocatively?
- No normal. She has a sleeve below the shoulder and a scarf.
- But another girl goes without a headscarf.
- Yes, she poses a danger to us. We’ve already told her several times, but she doesn’t listen to us,” Ismail sighs. He follows her with his eyes and adds: “She certainly has a strong character.”
The fight for morality
Few Chechens now dare to demonstrate their independence here. A couple of months ago in Grozny, some young men attacked inappropriately dressed girls and shot them with paint from paintball guns. People said that Kadyrov’s men were doing this because the attackers were driving around in black, tinted Lada-Priora cars. Ordinary soldiers of the presidential guard drove such cars. But the leadership of the Center for Spiritual and Moral Development officially condemned such attacks, and now the struggle for purity of morals takes place without incidents. The director of the center, Vakha Khashkhanov, says that “these are not the times of Ichkeria, when people were forced to believe.”
Vakha Khashkhanov is 32 years old. In the mid-1990s, Akhmad Hadji Kadyrov sent him to study in Tashkent, at the Higher Islamic Institute. Now he has been entrusted with the important mission of educating Chechen youth and countering Wahhabism among them. I suspect that the center itself was created, among other things, to take control of the crowds of young people hanging around without work. Each activist receives a salary of approximately 8 thousand rubles at the center. In conditions where it is difficult to find a job, this is a good help.
Before the war, in my opinion, there was not a single large mosque in Grozny, but now in the center of the city there is the largest mosque in Europe and minarets are visible in different parts of the city. To be fair, it must be said that the Church of St. Michael the Archangel was the first to be restored in the city, but there are practically no parishioners in it. Pious Grozny grandmothers are offended that even distinguished guests from Moscow bypass it: they will definitely stop by the mosque, but for some reason they forget about the church. Another sign is that the temple is guarded around the clock by police from Yekaterinburg.
In Chechnya now everything is done with the name of Allah on our lips. Even during a break in the football match "Terek" - "Spartak" people pray for the victory of their home team. The head of the republic, Ramzan Kadyrov, is praying in a separate room at the stadium, and his comrades are also praying. He shaved his head for the duration of Ramadan, and his colleagues also shaved. Almost all officials are dressed in Arabic clothing, long shirts, caftans, etc., as befits a true Muslim.
Ramzan and his team
This surge of religious fervor frightens visitors from other regions of Russia. It seems to many that an Islamic state is being built in a single republic, which will live according to the laws of Sharia, and not the Russian Federation. “We are all citizens of Russia and want to live in a strong and calm state,” reassures Deputy Prime Minister Magomed Daudov. The 30-year-old Hero of Russia oversees the government's security forces. In Chechnya everyone knows him as Lord. Why Lord? This nickname was given by Ramzan Kadyrov. “I came to my first meeting with the head of the republic in a black suit and a white shirt. Ramzan Akhmatovich said that they told me all sorts of things about you, but you are a normal person and generally look like an English lord. Since then it has stuck,”— says Daudov.
When the second Chechen war began, Magomed was only 19 years old. And he, like many other young guys then, was driven into the forest by harsh purges carried out by federal troops, who saw every young Chechen as a potential enemy. He remembers wandering through the mountains hungry and not understanding what he was doing here. “When Akhmad-Hadji declared an amnesty, I was hiding with my aunt. There was no blood on me, I immediately left the forest, like thousands of guys,” says Magomed. He is offended by suspicions or doubts about the loyalty of the current Russian government. “My colleagues in Russia cannot blame me for anything. I spent days and nights chasing real militants and terrorists in the mountains. I have the Star of the Hero of Russia, but I am embarrassed to put it on, so that there is no barrier between me and people. We are for the law, for a strong and united Russia. We now have more order and peace than in many Russian regions,” the young deputy prime minister sparkles with his eyes. The majority of such “militants” are in Ramzan Kadyrov’s entourage.
But there are also those who actually fought against the federal forces. Abu Arsunukaev is the head of security for Dzhokhar Dudayev, Magomed Khambiev is the Minister of Defense under Aslan Maskhadov. They diligently avoid publicity and communication with the press, are listed as advisers to the president and, as they say, carry out his delicate instructions. The former head of the Sharia Court under Maskhadov, Sultan Mirzoev, was elected Mufti for life of Chechnya. Many heads of districts and heads of various units in law enforcement agencies are people who have passed through forests and mountains. But they are not the main players today. The young leader's team is formed in a more intricate way.
Until recently, division into teips and clans was considered the main principle of the formation of power in Chechnya. There are many stories and legends about teips, they sound beautiful, but the reality today is still different - in Chechnya all power is now concentrated in the hands of Ramzan. His authority is indisputable, his word is law. Not a single clan will dare to oppose the government. Does this mean that Chechnya is ruled by a clan from the village of Tsentoroy, the ancestral village of the Kadyrov family? Doesn’t mean: fraternity is no longer the main factor for joining the team, the main thing is personal and repeatedly proven loyalty.
Of course, in the leadership of Chechnya there are many people from Tsentoroy and relatives of the head of the republic. For example, Ramzan Kadyrov’s sister Zargan is the head of a department in the Ministry of Education. The cousin is the Prime Minister. But even the largest family in Chechnya is not enough to draw personnel from for the entire republic.
For example, the mayor of Grozny, Muslim Khuchiev. Previously, the city was ruled either by generals or field commanders. Now a former journalist. Until 2004, Muslim lived in Moscow, worked on the RTR channel, was involved in the restaurant business, and now throughout the Chechen capital. Or the rector of the Grozny Oil Institute Khasan Taimakhanov, a former minister of agriculture, his family was always in opposition to Dudayev and Maskhadov, and Ramzan Kadyrov recalls that he loved to walk past the Taimakhanovs’ house with the Ichkerian flag, teasing the neighbors. Now they are on the same team. And the rector’s brother is the representative of the head of Chechnya in Moscow.
There is money in the republic for any project, but there are not enough specialists. Therefore, people are actively encouraged to return home. “The Republic called me,” is a typical explanation of any newly appointed official. They invite both Chechens and Russians. Minister of Culture Dikalu Muzakaev is especially trying. A famous choreographer, director of the Vainakh ensemble, he survived the war in Ingushetia, and is now trying to revive culture in Chechnya and gathers people all over the world. Conductor Alexey Tkachuk recently moved to Grozny from Minsk. He was tasked with creating a symphony orchestra, albeit a small one, consisting of 45 musicians. There are also the first musicians, his students: Pavel (trumpet), Sergei (tuba) and Dmitry (trombone). They are looked at as exotic characters...
In the spring of 2000, I filmed a documentary about Grozny. The film was called "Ghost Town". Then it didn’t seem like an artistic exaggeration at all; Dzhokhar Dudayev’s dream of moving the Chechen capital to another place almost came true - the city was a heap of ruins. The main person in Grozny at that time was a man with a machine gun, the best type of transport was an armored personnel carrier.
Now in the Chechen capital it is impossible to find traces of the war, and today it is probably truly the most beautiful city in the North Caucasus. People look at this beauty and don’t believe their eyes. For this they are ready to forgive Ramzan Kadyrov a lot, even the cult of personality.
True, the problem with jobs has not been solved. Chechens were prohibited from making money with weapons; there are not many other opportunities to feed themselves. How will they live in Chechnya when the flow of subsidies from Moscow decreases? How to feed the numerous guards of the head of the republic and the voracious security forces? How will the young leader and his team survive the temptation of unlimited power? There are many questions, as well as stereotypes and fears from the past. Chechens are getting used to living in peace, but the future does not look absolutely cloudless.
Although there is, of course, a change: when returning home from Grozny, you no longer frighten your loved ones with war stories, but surprise them with a description of the largest mosque in Europe, a district of skyscrapers, stories about Chechen football fans who watch football in the stadium while standing, but in a fit of emotion do not fire from all the trunks even into the sky.
Ramzan Kadyrov's inner circle
Dossier
"Ogonyok" presents short biographies of the most devoted associates of the President of Chechnya
Alkhanov Ruslan Shakhaevich, head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Chechnya
Born on April 27, 1962 in the village of Tsentoroi (Chechnya). Since September 1991, he served in the internal affairs bodies in Grozny and Gudermes. In 1999, he headed the security service of Akhmad Kadyrov. According to Ramzan Kadyrov, at the same time he, Ruslan Alkhanov and several other “closest ones” swore on the Koran that “they would be together all their lives.” Later, Mr. Alkhanov commanded the republican riot police. On May 9, 2004, he was wounded in a terrorist attack that killed Akhmad Kadyrov. Since June 2004, he has headed the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Chechnya. Lieutenant General of Police.
Baysarov Ruslan Sulimovich, businessman
Born on August 9, 1968 in the village of Veduchi (Chechnya). In the early 1990s, he went into business and opened a casino, several restaurants, a sports complex and a beauty salon in Moscow. In 1994-2002 - vice-president of the Moscow Fuel Association. In 2003, together with Shalva Chigirinsky, he created the Bennfield company, which later became a major shareholder of Sibir Energy. In 2003-2010 - Vice President of the Moscow Oil and Gas Company. Recently, he has been involved in the restoration of roads, mosques and enterprises in Chechnya, for which his mother received a medal from Ramzan Kadyrov “for exemplary parenting.” In 2007, together with Mr. Kadyrov, he made the Hajj to Mecca. Also known as the former son-in-law of Alla Pugacheva.
Daudov Magomed Khozhakhmedovich, First Deputy Prime Minister of Chechnya
Born on February 26, 1980 in the village of Shpakovskoye, Stavropol Territory. He was a militant, then went over to the side of the feds. He commanded a company of special purpose police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Chechnya, then a battalion. Since December 2006 - chief of staff of the republican riot police. In April 2007, he headed the Shalinsky District Department of Internal Affairs. On March 10, 2010, he was appointed first deputy prime minister of Chechnya, responsible for the security bloc. Hero of Russia.
Delimkhanov Adam Sultanovich, State Duma deputy
Born on September 25, 1969 in the village of Benoy (Chechnya). He worked as a mechanic, supplier, and sold cars. A number of media reported that during the first war, Mr. Delimkhanov was the driver of Salman Raduev. During the second campaign, he switched sides to the federals and worked in Akhmad Kadyrov’s security service. Since August 2003 - in the internal affairs bodies of Chechnya. Since July 2006 - Deputy, and since April 2007 - First Deputy Prime Minister of Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov. Elected State Duma deputy from United Russia. Since April 27, 2009, he has been wanted by Interpol on suspicion of involvement in the murder of Hero of Russia Sulim Yamadayev in the UAE. Ramzan Kadyrov has repeatedly called Mr. Delimkhanov his successor, “right hand” and “closest friend.”
Khuchiev Muslim Magomedovich, mayor of Grozny
Born on August 5, 1971 in the village of Zakan-Yurt (Chechnya). He graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University and worked on the RTR TV channel. In the late 1990s, he was engaged in the restaurant business in Moscow. In 2004, he returned to Chechnya to serve as press secretary to President Alu Alkhanov. In 2005-2007, he was responsible for Ramzan Kadyrov’s relations with the media. In March 2007, he was appointed head of the administration of Grozny.
Material prepared information center of the publishing house "Kommersant"
Today it is no longer possible to find out why and at what time such a system as Chechen teips was established. It is known that already in the middle of the eighteenth century, the Nokhchi (Chechens), uniting with the Ingush, completely formed their ethnic group. Until this time, it is unknown how long it took for a kind of military-economic alliances, that is, Chechen teips, to be formed.
Legend
Legends say that the ancestors of the Chechens had a bronze cauldron with the names of the first twenty teips forged on it, but those not included in this list melted the cauldron. Nevertheless, the names of the original twenty have been preserved: Sesankhoy Ilyesi-nekye, Benoy, Mlly-nekye, Yubak-nekye, Tsentoroy and the remaining fifteen.
Chechen teips also united with each other. These large formations were called tukhums. Already in the mid-nineteenth century, nine tukhums united Chechen teips, of which there were one hundred and thirty-five. Today there are more of them, and they are divided into mountainous, of which there are more than a hundred, and lowland, of which there are about seventy. Each teip is internally divided into branches and surnames (gars and nekyi). The head is the council of elders of the teip, where the most experienced and respected representatives administer the law, in addition, the position of byachcha - military leader is obligatory.
Pure and mixed
Chechen teips were called, the list of which will be presented as completely as possible, according to the area where the clan lived, or the business in which the clan was engaged. For example, the Kharachoy teip (translated into Russian as “cave”) or the Sharoy teip (translated as “glacier”) are clearly named after the first type, but the Peshkhoi teip is a teip of stove-makers, the teip of Khoy is a guards’ teip, and the Deshni teip is gold jewelers .
There are pure and mixed tapes. Nokhchmakhoy - this is the name of any pure teip - formed purely from Chechens, other blood was mixed with the rest. Guna, for example, is related to the Terek Cossacks, Kharacha - to a large extent with Circassian blood, Dzumsa - with Georgian, and Arsala - with Russian. Thus, mixed Chechen teips are distinguished. Their list is more extensive than Nokhchmakhoy.
The main thing for tape is the beginning
Since this is a tribal union, the personality of each Chechen is formed here and all moral and ethical standards are instilled in him. The Chechens call these postulates principles. I started twenty-three in total. Some will be listed here. The inviolability and unity of customs for all members of the teip, without exception, is the first beginning. The second gives the right to land ownership on a communal basis. The third principle is unlikely to correspond to the ideas of the rest of the civilized world - it prescribes blood feud for the murder of a relative in the teip, and this does not even depend on the closeness of the relationship. To this day, pure Chechen teips are jealous of their beginnings.
The fourth principle prohibits incest, that is, marriage between members of the teip is impossible. Fifth, for mutual assistance, if necessary, the entire teip is obliged to provide assistance to its representative. The sixth principle is that Chechens call for honoring the dead: if a member of the teip dies, everyone wears mourning for a certain period of time, holidays and entertainment are prohibited. The seventh principle is about the council of elders, the eighth is about the choice of a leader and military commander, not a single position is inherited. The ninth principle is about representation, which is also decided by the council of elders, and the tenth is that positions in the council of elders are for life, however, the history of Chechen teips also tells about cases of removal of a representative.
Blood feud
The third principle, which is professed by Chechen teips and tukkhums, requires wider disclosure. So, cheer - for any person from the representatives of this genus. This is a custom with unusually deep roots. Even in the recent past, in the event of a murder, an entire family, and sometimes even a teip, was forced to flee to foreign lands. Qi - blood - passed from generation to generation for many decades until the last representative of a given family, branch or teip was killed.
In later times, blood passes only to one family, but earlier the boundaries of the district were determined by the council of elders of neutral teips.
Immediately after the murder, councils of elders met both in the teip where the misfortune occurred and in the one through whose fault it occurred. In the first, they made a decision about revenge, and in the second, they looked for opportunities for reconciliation. Next came negotiations. If the teip of the murdered person did not agree to reconciliation, then neutral councils of elders were involved. If they did not win peace, then they began to work out the conditions for revenge: how widely the revenge would spread, with what weapons. Under no circumstances can you kill a bloodline in the back and without warning; during the holy month of Ramadan, as well as on other holidays, you cannot kill in a crowded place and - especially - at a party.
The beginning of the decomposition of the system
Civilization is taking its toll. Researchers are confident that today the teip system in Chechnya is gradually dying. Large teips - for example, Tsentaroi and Benoy - have grown so much that even blood relationships are forgotten and marriages within teips are possible. Many of them are gradually divided into an increasing number of genera, and the original teip becomes a tukhum.
Many Chechens remember the time when the youngest of them could name more than twenty tribes of their own direct ancestors. Now not every young Chechen will even answer about belonging to a teip. Adults and older people are noticeably worried, since kinship in Chechen society is a fundamental value. People without a clan-tribe cannot be Chechens.
Noble Chechen tape
Yalkhoy, or rather Yalkhoroy, is a very famous teip. It was from here that the surname Dudayev came, and it was also one of the few teips in which there were alien hired workers, and according to other sources, slave labor. The origin is connected with the caste professional organization; the warriors of Yalkhoroy even earned money by guarding the borders of other teips.
They lived in the village of the same name, as well as throughout Chechnya and Ingushetia, where they founded the village. The Yalkhoroi were the most loyal supporters of Dzhokhar Dudayev. Until now, in this clan there is a cult of militancy and many other purely mountain values: hospitality, veneration of women. They have a decisive disposition and in their ancestors they consider themselves to be people of princely dignity.
Only a few Chechen teips have been studied well enough. Their origin is established and confirmed by numerous scientific studies. Much less is known about the rest, and information varies due to the fact that it is most often collected from oral legends and traditions.
Chechen tape Chertaya (Chartoy)
This is an extremely interesting clan, most notable for the fact that the Chartoevites almost never fought, but on the contrary, they were peacemakers and often acted as mediators in any intra-Chechen affairs. He was either a member of himself or in the tukhum of Nokhchmakhkahoy - information varies.
They had a family village in Chechnya - Chartoy-Yurt, but also lived in a dozen other towns in Chechnya and in Georgia. Among the famous representatives was the naib of Imam Shamil and a colonel in the guard of Alexander the First. According to Chechen teips, only the Chartoy teip is of Jewish origin, this explains many of the differences between this clan and others.
Belgatoy, Beltoy (Biltoy) and Chermoy
The Belgatoy teip, which is quite large and well-known throughout Chechnya, once existed as part of the Beltoy teip. The origin legend is very beautiful. Once upon a time, it happened that an epidemic wiped out almost all of Belgatoy, but the few survivors multiplied again and made their family even more successful than it was before. This is confirmed by the name itself: bel - “to die”, gatto - “to be resurrected”. Among Chechens, the Belgatoevites are considered very energetic and efficient people.
Beltoy (or Biltoy) is also a large and famous clan. This is where the politician Beybulat Taimiev, a contemporary of Pushkin, came from, about whom the poet wrote during his trip to Arzrum. The Beltoy people settle everywhere, and in the old days they lived in the Nozhayurt region, in the east of Chechnya. A well-known family that is known throughout the world is inhabited by various teips, but the most prominent political figure and oil industrialist Tapa Chermoev came from here. They settled mainly in Mekhkety and near the ancestral mountain of Chermoy-lam, and in ancient times, as legends say, all Chermoys lived deep in the mountains.
Chechen teip Alleroy (Aleroy)
The name of this teip was kept on the legendary bronze cauldron brought by the ancestors to Nakhsha. It was here, settled throughout the country, but with roots based in Eastern Chechnya, that the ex-president, who turned to bandits, was born in this clan. This tape is clean, along with others written on the bronze cauldron, and is included in Nakhchmakhkahoy. Settles in Nozhai-Yurt and Shalinsky districts.
The story of the Allerois has existed since about the fifteenth century, after the invasion of Khan Timur, who killed many local residents and left in Chechnya his governors from the Kabardian princes, Takrov, Nogai, Jai Murzas and khans. The Chechens quickly multiplied and began to carry out daring attacks on Timur's vassals, trying to carry out a reconquista - to reconquer their lands. The first All founded the village of Alleroi, united the compatriots who remained after the Tatar-Mongol invasion to defend their lands. Alleroi is internally divided into five more teips, since the genus has become numerous, and is still considered pure.
Benoy
This must be the most numerous of the teips in Chechnya, at least in second place in terms of number. Benoi billionaire Malik Saidullaev claims that of the million remaining Chechens, three hundred and sixty thousand belong to the Benoi teip. They are spread throughout the republic and are divided into nine genera. They took an active part in all wars, where they gained unfading glory. For example, Baysangur Benoevsky did not leave Shamil until the very end, despite the military success that turned away from the hero.
A huge number of Benois live in the diasporas of Western Asia, from where terrorism spreads throughout the world. In Chechnya, on the contrary, Benoevites are considered clumsy and cunning in a rustic way. However, here too they are fearless, true to their word and duty. Of these, many centuries ago, the backbone of the peasant layers of the people was formed, which overthrew the power of the Dagestan and Kabardian rulers. These are the fathers of mountain democracy, which became the foundation of ethnic mentality. Among the clans of the Benoy teip there is both Russian and Georgian blood.
Gendargenoi
The teip is also extremely numerous and famous, moreover, it is the center, from the historical Nokhchiymokhk, widely spread throughout Chechnya. Diplomat and politician Doku Zavgaev is from here. This is the breadbasket for Chechnya, Dagestan, and much more remote places. It was here that pre-Islamic Nashkha existed as a cultural, political, ritual and religious center.
Here the Council of the Country (Mekhk Khelov) was founded, from where pure Chechen teips emerged, among which, of course, Gendargenoi, whose representatives occupied one of the most prominent places in the entire history of the country. Soviet power allowed the Gendargenoi to study, which they did with greater success than members of other clans. That is why this teip gave the country many leaders, party members and business executives.
Kharachoy and Deshni
This teip is famous for its representatives - who lived in different centuries, but gained approximately equal fame. Information about this clan found its way into written Russian documents very early, and the Chechens say that it was the Kharachoevites who were the first to marry Russians, which did not prevent Zelimkhan from becoming an outstanding fighter against the tsarist power when the Caucasus was conquered. Chechnya respects this teip very much and considers it the smartest.
Deshni is a mountain clan in the southeast of the country, belongs to the pure teips. Princely families are still preserved here. One of those wearing this many years ago was able to marry a Georgian princess, passing off Mount Deshni-lam, which belonged to the entire teip, as his own. Now Deshni live everywhere, even in Ingushetia.
Nashkhoy and Zurzakha
Nashkho, the birthplace of pure teips, is the enthogenetic center of the Nokhchimatiens of the Middle Ages, which were mentioned by Armenian geographers of the nineteenth century. They lived in the southeast of the country. Some researchers classify the entire population of this area as one teip. Others subdivide.
Zurzakhoy is a primordial teip, even in its name retaining the medieval ethnonym - dzurzuk, as the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush called themselves. This teip was not included in the tukhums, always occupying an independent position. He was not the only one like that, also Sada, Peshkha, Maista.
The head of the Chechen Republic, Ramzan Kadyrov, belongs to the Benoy teip, one of the most numerous and famous Chechen teips. Its representatives are brave warriors, talented leaders and true admirers of ancient customs. So what is known about Kadyrov’s tape?
Historical facts
Teip (clan, tribe) is a unit of organization of the Vainakh peoples (Chechens, Ingush, Batsbis), distinguished by the common origin of the people included in it. The Chechen teip is not a clan in the ethnographic sense. There are known cases when he united people according to principles, and not by blood relationship. Each teip is divided into gars and nekyi (branches and surnames).
Legends say that the ancient Chechens had a bronze cauldron with the names of the first twenty teips forged on it. Among them was Benoy.
The village of Benoy is mentioned in ancient Arabic-language sources of other peoples. Information about Benoy is available in the book of the first half of the 15th century by the Alan traveler and Muslim missionary Azdin Vazar. This suggests that it is rightfully considered the oldest.
One of the leaders in numbers
Benoy is one of the most numerous teips in Chechnya. Representatives of this family claim that out of a million Chechens, a third belong to their teip. They are settled throughout the republic and are divided into nine clans: Jobi-nekye, Asti-nekye, Uonzhbi-nekye, Ati-nekye, Ochi-nekye, Chupal-nekye, Devshi-nekye, Edi-nekye and Gurzh-makhkahoy.
Large communities settled in Benoy, Shelkovsky, Gudermes districts, the villages of Novye Atagi, Urus-Martan, Goyty, Alkhan-Yurt, Shali and others. Most of the Benoevites are in the city of Urus-Martan. Natives of the teip live in the Chechen Republic, the Republic of Dagestan, other regions of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Kazakhstan, Turkey, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. A large number of Benoevites live in the diasporas of Western Asia.
Characteristic features of Benoevites
In the minds of the Chechens, a true Benoevite is a man of athletic build, tall, large, with large strong legs. A distinctive feature of people of this kind is a calm disposition, sincerity, decency and gullibility. But at the same time, if you make them angry, they will show everyone their belligerence. People often say: “If you get a Benois mad, you can’t stop him.”
At home they are considered cunning and clumsy. But at the same time, Benoevites are always fearless, true to their duty and word. They know very well the value of such concepts as “honor” and “decency”. It was they who, many centuries ago, formed the backbone of the peasant people who were able to get rid of the oppression of the Dagestan and Kabardian authorities. Representatives of this teip are considered the founders of democracy in the mountains, on which the ethnic mentality is based.
A. Berger in his book “Chechnya and the Chechens” calls the Benoy teip among the indigenous Samyz noble Chechen families. The Benoevites, as the largest tribe in terms of population, have long played a leading role in the social and political life of Chechnya.
Beliefs and values
Representatives of the Benoy teip are considered true Chechens. They are proud to belong to this nation. The national name “Nokhchiy” is pronounced with dignity, in contrast to some Chechens who are reluctant to call themselves “Nokhchiy” and try to remove this name from use and replace it with “Vain”.
People of this teip consider each other brothers and sisters. Helping a loved one is the first rule of the family. Regardless of how many kilometers separate them, having learned that they are of the same teip, Benoevites strive to help each other with all their might in case of danger or need. Protecting their honor, the honor of their brother or the entire teip is a primary task, for which they are ready to risk their lives.
Military glory
Benoevites have always taken an active part in wars. In battles they gained unfading glory. They played a particularly significant role in the Russian-Chechen war of the 18th - mid-19th centuries.
It is known that only after enlisting the support of the Benoyites did imams and generals begin their movements in Ichkeria and throughout Chechnya. When the Chechens were being attacked by enemies, a saying was born among the people: “Va Vezan Dela, benoin ortsa lolakh!” (Oh, Great God, give Benoi’s army to help).
Representatives of the teip showed their heroism in the Caucasian War, in the Ichkeria (1842) and Dargin (1845) defeat of the tsarist armies, in the campaign against Georgia (1854) and others.
On May 13, 1859, all of Chechnya was conquered, and the elders of all Chechen villages expressed their submission to the tsarist military command. Only the Benoev villages did not submit. Brave, savvy people fled into the forests, formed new communities and again confronted their enemies, calling on everyone to defend their homeland until their last breath.
Kadyrov Akhmed
Akhmed (Akhmat since 1999. Changed his name during the occupation of Chechnya by Russian troops) Abdulkhamidovich Kadyrov (August 23, 1951, Karaganda - May 9, 2004, Grozny).
Born in the city of Karaganda, Kazakh SSR.
In April 1957, the Kadyrov family returned to the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, to the village of Tsentoroy, Shalinsky district.
In 1968 he graduated from Bachiyurt secondary school. In the same year, he took a combine operator course in the village of Kalinovskaya, Naursky district.
From 1969 to 1971 he worked at the Novogroznensky rice-growing state farm in the Gudermes region.
In 1971 he left the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to earn money, worked in construction organizations in the Non-Black Earth Region and Siberia until 1980. 
In 1980, in the direction of the Gudermes Cathedral Mosque, 29-year-old Akhmat went to the Uzbek SSR, where he entered the Bukhara Mir-Arab Madrasah.
Zelimkhan Yandarbiev stated: “Kadyrov has been collaborating with the KGB since 1981, when even prayer was prohibited in Chechnya! We learned about this in 1996, when the Shamilev brigade seized Grozny and the KGB archive, but did not immediately deal with it. Although even then I felt: it was not without reason that he was raising conversations about the harm of the Wahhabis. I then scolded him and warned him.”
In 1982 he left for Tashkent, where he entered the Tashkent Islamic Institute. He studied there from 1982 to 1986.
After the Islamic Institute, he returned to Gudermes, where he became the deputy imam of the Gudermes mosque. He worked as a deputy imam until 1988.
In 1993 - appointed deputy mufti of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.
At the same time, he took part (with calls to kill Russians) in military actions against federal troops, or rather, declared Jihad of Russia and openly speaking at rallies called on Chechens to kill Russians. “If every Chechen kills 150 Russians, we will win this war,” said Kadyrov. Later, he himself denied these statements, but this time he was even more divergent: “I didn’t talk about 150 Russians. I said: kill as many as you can. Without restrictions.”
With the outbreak of the Second Russian-Chechen War (started by Russia in 1999), he played a key role in the transfer of some populated areas of the ChRI under the control of federal forces.
On October 10, 1999, by decree of the President of the ChRI Aslan Maskhadov, Akhmat Kadyrov was removed from the post of mufti in connection with the betrayal of faith and people.
Killed on May 9, 2004 at the Dynamo stadium in the city of Grozny. Some sources report that the murder was committed by Russian special services.
It is important to note one detail. The Kadyrov family did not deny the fact that they are not Chechens. Such rumors have long circulated among Chechens; this information was later confirmed by Kadyrov himself.
It's no secret that Ramzan Kadyrov went from rags to riches as a Cossack defector. I want to tell you, dear readers, that the Kadyrov family is Cossack, they began to talk about this when Akhmad Kadyrov was elected mufti in the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, in the fall of 1996 he became the head of the newly formed Muftiate of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, however, after the election of Akhmad Kadyrov as mufti, many from nearby settlements (Bachi-Yurt, Mayrtup, Alleroy, as well as residents of Khosi-Yurt), the Chechens (old people) were outraged that they chose Akhmad Kadyrov as the mufti of the son of Abdulkhamid Kadyrov, knowing the fact that their family is Cossack.
Umar: my grandfather Adlan from the village of Bachi-Yurt said that the late Abdulkhamid Kadyrov also did not deny that their family was Cossack, Adlan and Abdulkhamid knew each other even before being deported to Kazakhstan in 1944.
Unlike others, today many elders remember the history of some integrated Cossacks among the Chechens; today there are not many old people alive who remember the history of the Chechen taips inherited from their great-great-grandfathers and remember such a clan as the Don Cossack clan of Kadyrov, a clan that merged and integrated into one of the Chechen teips.
The late Cossack Akhmad Kadyrov did not deny that he was a Cossack, Akhmad Kadyrov confirmed at the forum held on March 27, 2004, in which the terrorist Putin participated in the work of the united forum of the peoples of the Caucasus, the forum took place in the boarding house "Rus". From the published material on kommersant.ru in which Kadyrov confirms that he and his family are Cossacks:
“The adviser to the President of Chechnya, Ataman Pogrebnoy, stood out with his height and uniform sparkling in the sun. He told those who wished that Akhmad Kadyrov’s ancestors were Cossacks.
So he is a Cossack, not a Chechen? - they asked the chieftain.
- Of course, Cossack! - he answered joyfully. - His teip (.....) (Note that Kadyrov’s family has nothing to do with the Chechen teip “Benoy”) where did it come from? They are the youngest Muslims in the world! We finished the last pot of pork and accepted the Muslim faith.
Here Pavel Fedotov, ataman of the Stavropol Territory, approached Grigory Pogrebny. The atamans hugged each other. And suddenly the adviser to the President of Chechnya literally turned pale before our eyes:
- And you, Pavel, how did you get here?
The Stavropol ataman did not understand:
- So I’m a participant!
How did you carry the dagger? They took mine away from me. It rang when I walked through the frame.
Ataman Fedotov actually had a dagger in a sheath hanging on his belt. The chieftain seemed well prepared for the meeting with the president of the country.
Assistant to the Russian President Ramazan Abdulatipov approached. He was appointed to this position two months ago and recently confirmed that nothing will change in his life with the reforms in the presidential administration. It was quite strange to hear this. Presidential aides had already been appointed the day before. As a result, the status of the assistant has grown, in theory, to previously unprecedented proportions. Does Ramazan Abdulatipov fit these dimensions? Question. But it seems not for him.
How do you work with President Kadyrov? Things weren't going well for you with him? Before the elections, your list of complaints against him commanded respect.
“We’re working,” Mr. Abdulatipov sighed. “We have to work.” Civil service...
He probably wanted to add “damn it,” but, as a civil servant, of course, he restrained himself.
Here Akhmat Kadyrov approached Ataman Pogrebny. At the request of the photographers, they hugged tightly twice.
- So you are a Cossack? - I asked Mr. Kadyrov.
- Cossack! - he readily agreed. “Why?”
- Ataman just told me about this.
“Your ancestors, Akhmat-Khadzhi, are from the Cossacks,” Ataman Pogrebnoy said hastily.
“Well, yes,” Mr. Kadyrov confirmed gloomily. “I’m a Cossack.” Can't you see it?
The new presidential envoy for the Southern Federal District, Vladimir Yakovlev, appeared on the path leading to the entrance to the boarding house. He smiled his famous, for some time now a little embarrassed smile. The night before, Mr. Yakovlev, like ten days ago, was appointed to the post of plenipotentiary representative for the Southern Federal District. I congratulated him on this.
- Thank you! - Mr. Yakovlev said cordially.
- How do you like your new position?
- Very good! - he confirmed my worst assumptions. - You see, life in the Caucasus is extremely interesting! Yesterday, after a meeting, we all watched an amateur concert together. How beautiful! The dancing is so... I've never seen anything like it! If our whole life is as beautiful and cheerful as these dances on stage, everything will be simply wonderful!
- But she won’t be like on stage.
- Will not be? - he was upset. - Well, yes, probably. But we must at least strive for this.
The same fact is confirmed by many elders of the Kurchaloevsky district. However, today everyone is silent because of the current situation, fear of the Kremlin dictatorial regime in the occupied Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, as Umar said, “everyone is afraid of the reprisal of the younger Don Cossack Ramzan Kadyrov.”
Apparently, therefore, the Cossack Kadyrov Ramzan has no pity for the true sons of the Chechen people, who are fighting for freedom and for the independence of the Chechen people from the occupiers of the Russian Federation. It was not in vain that Putin put the stake on the Kadyrov family, at the same time making a differentiated approach to the Chechen people. - Umar.
Known for his disrespect and attacks against the Chechen and other peoples.
“I see that the Chechens became orators, but remained stupid. We just didn’t have enough Kazakhs, Uzbeks and Tajiks to feed them in Chechnya,” Kadyrov summed up.”
Link Izvestia newspaper
After the elimination of Akhmad Kadyrov, Aimani, Ramzan, and daughters Zargan and Zulay remained.
Ramzan Kadyrov
Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov, born October 5, 1976, Tsentora-Yurt (Tsentoroy), Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, RSFSR, USSR.
Son of the Russian puppet Akhmat Kadyrov.
He graduated from six classes at school No. 1 in his native village of Tsentora-Yurt (Tsentaroy) in the Kurchaloevsky district.
Officially married to fellow villager Medni (b. 1980), whom he met at school. They have 2 sons - Akhmat (b. 2005, named after his deceased grandfather) and Adam, and 4 daughters - Aishat, Karina, Hedi and Tabarik.
According to the text of an interview with Ramzan Kadyrov dated June 2004, published in Novaya Gazeta, he graduated from the Gudermes branch of the Moscow Institute of Business, but due to his lack of knowledge of the Russian language, he found it difficult to name the topic of his diploma and the branch of law in which he specialized.
What is your education? - Higher legal education. I'm finishing. I'm taking exams. - Which ones? - What do you mean - which ones? Exams and that's it. - What is the name of the institute you are graduating from? - Branch of the Moscow Institute of Business. In Gudermes. Legal, that is. - What is your specialization? - I am a lawyer. - What is your diploma in law? Criminal? Civilian? - I forgot. I wrote down the topic, but forgot. There are a lot of events happening right now.
Anna Politkovskaya. Tsentrovoy from Tsentoroy. Interview with Ramzan Kadyrov. Novaya Gazeta, 06/21/2004
Since 2004, he has been enrolled as an academician of the civil service under the President of the Russian Federation.
Since then, people have called Kadyrov a lawyer or an academician.
In 2007 he was appointed the main puppet of Chechnya.
On April 27, 2010, the Austrian prosecutor's office stated that Kadyrov “gave the order in 2009 to kidnap a Chechen in Vienna who made revealing statements; During the abduction, this man was mortally wounded.”
Also, in April of the same year, the Russian media published testimony to the investigation by Isa Yamadayev, in which he accused Ramzan Kadyrov of organizing an attempt on his life, as well as the murder of his brothers.
As Lev Ponomarev stated on behalf of some Russian human rights activists in February 2007, it is Kadyrov’s special forces that are now the main culprit in the deaths of civilians and abductions in Chechnya (the militants, in his opinion, are less active). The head of the Moscow Helsinki Group, Lyudmila Alekseeva, stated:
I know that Kadyrov not only pursues a policy of kidnapping people who disappear without a trace, or who are then found dead with signs of torture, or are imprisoned on trumped-up charges, I know that he himself took part in torture and murder.
According to Human Rights Watch:
As part of the Russian policy of “Chechenization” of the conflict, an increasingly prominent role was assigned to the security forces of the Chechen Republic, controlled by Ramzan Kadyrov. In 2004-2005 they gradually took the place of federal forces as the main perpetrators of enforced disappearances. “Kadyrovites” have their own prisons, which are outside the jurisdiction of any relevant government agencies, and where hundreds of people are detained, often subjected to ill-treatment. Republican security forces are also responsible for the practice of forcing militant leaders to surrender by taking their relatives hostage. The Kremlin not only condones this practice, but actually encourages it.
According to the International Federation of Human Rights in Helsinki, among the private prisons existing in Chechnya, at least two are located in Kadyrov’s ancestral village of Tsentoroi and are at his personal disposal. One of them consists of concrete bunkers or cells where abducted relatives of militants (including the elderly, women and children) are kept for the purpose of blackmailing them. In particular, the father and wife of Dokka Umarov, and seven relatives of Aslan Maskhadov, who were released after his murder by Russian special forces, were held there.
It is alleged that the second prison is located in the courtyard or in the immediate vicinity of Kadyrov’s house. The third prison is supposedly located on the southeastern outskirts of the village, in an area that residents claim is a base for Kadyrov’s men. It is also used to hold kidnapped militant family members.
In addition to the prisons in Tsentoroi, the report of the International Federation for Human Rights noted at least 10 more illegal prisons created and controlled by formations directly subordinate to Kadyrov - the so-called “Kadyrovtsy”. According to human rights activists, “one of the reasons for the existence of such a parallel system of detention is to obtain “confessions” and “evidence” through brutal beatings and torture, after which comes the official detention and execution of the persons concerned. A large number of such criminal cases are fabricated.”
Anna Politkovskaya characterized Kadyrov as a coward, armed to the teeth, “who sits surrounded by guards.” Journalist Vadim Rechkalov also considers Kadyrov a coward. In addition, Rechkalov claims that the title of master of sports in boxing was awarded to Kadyrov without any sporting merit: “The athletes of the Southern Federal District I interviewed, including Ramzan’s peers, had not heard of the boxer Kadyrov. To get a master, you need to get into the Russian final or beat other masters. If Ramzan had done this, the boxers would have known.”
Anna Politkovskaya: “Why did you run like crazy across the football field after Terek’s victory?”
Ramzan Kadyrov: “I didn’t remember anything from joy. I swear.”
Novaya Gazeta, 06/21/2004
Video of the Kadyrovs (no comments).
Kadyrov's dance on money.
There are no surnames in Chechnya other than the Kadyrovs...
Kadyrov is trying to humiliate Abdul-Khalim Sadulayev.
Kadyrov is a traitor!
Kadyrov establishes the word of Allah in Chechnya?
Kadyrov in the bathhouse.
Ramzan Kadyrov, it seems, may find himself at the center of a scandal, as Yuri Skuratov once was. In 1999, a videotape of the naked former Prosecutor General of Russia having fun in bed with two girls was shown on the state channel RTR, and Skuratov was forced to resign.
Now one of the Chechen separatist websites, physically located in Canada, has distributed on the Internet a video recording of a person similar to the Prime Minister of Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov. The people in the video are having fun in the sauna with the girls.
According to the Daymohk website, the action took place in one of the saunas where Ramzan Kadyrov likes to wash. The video, presumably filmed on a cell phone camera, shows two girls and several men. One of them really resembles the head of the Chechen government.
Indeed, as NEWSru.com managed to find out, there is an extended version of this entry.
Photos of the Kadyrovs
Quote: “What, I have nothing to do but dance? I haven’t danced at all since my father’s death.”
TVNZ
The inscription on the T-shirt is "2PSYCHO", which means Psycho.
Quote:
Poems by the Kadyrovs.
Dedicated to Ramzan and the Kefirov family
Everyone knows the ripe nit, the one that rules in captive Chechnya.
Resentment had long accumulated in her, from disgrace in the bloody war.
It is not for nothing that the doomed Kadyrov drove a sharpened wedge into the people.
And he created an idol in his heart, forgetting that the Almighty is One.
While the warriors were fighting for freedom, the unprincipled criminal Ramzan,
To increase the family's income, he prepared zin-dan for the slaves.
After all, they tried for the Russians, and worked by the sweat of their brow,
So that the Russians will be sad again, so that their hearts will be broken.
In order for the ransom to be paid faster, everything needs to be filmed.
Yes! The lawless men beat the slaves, otherwise how could they rip off the ransom.
It’s better for the Russians to ask Ramzan where the truth is and where the slander is.
Otherwise, when they are drunk, they will again think that the careless poet lied.
And probably for this the killer was finally awarded a cross,
They warmed the bloodsucker father and put on a false crown.
They slandered the government and the soldiers. They condemned the people to torment,
They seated you in chairs with dignity, since you betrayed them, you are entitled to income.
Well, those who fought without fear, who did not betray, did not coward, did not surrender.
He who did not keep slaves honored Allah, and who did not sell his conscience.
They have no place in Kadyrov’s world, among the forged Russian boots,
Where they wet innocent people in the toilet, where the devil is in charge, not God.
Addressing you like a boy, I'm trying to find words,
That have long been written down in books, it’s a pity you don’t like to read books.
Maybe we can play chess together, on the blood-stained ground,
Maybe we’ll sing together and dream, not about what the Kremlin orders.
Maybe we will remember the brave men who died with dignity for their native Chechnya,
Let's sit and calmly consider what is the fault of those unshaven youths,
That they believed the false slander of your grave father.
If their souls are warmed in heaven, where is the place for a scoundrel?
That he despised the ideals of freedom, that he exposed Chechnya to attack.
For the sake of personal gain, for the sake of pleasure, a fire was set ablaze by lawlessness.
You sprinkled dust on freedom, both Chechens and Russian soldiers,
But why do you swear by Allah, since it is not heaven that is dearer to you, but hell?
How many worthy and honest lives were destroyed by the bloody Ramzan.
Not in battle, in local feuds, filling a bottomless pocket.
Your deal with the Russian company took place before the war.
Or did your dad give up so soon because he shit his pants???
You are a family of traitors, a tribe of outcasts, your elder brother lazily went limp from the dose.
And your father, under the Russian heavy foot, will turn into a shabby old dude.
I dedicate it to human meanness
Freedom! A cherished, firm word. You can hear pain, compulsion, melancholy in it.
A dream lives in him, one that will remove the shackles, erase the shame, and pass through the centuries.
The desire of peoples, and the connection of generations, to throw off alien power from their shoulders.
Build your own world, renouncing laziness, or else valiantly fall for your homeland.
Yes! Many violent youths fell, succumbing to the temptation of Kadyrov’s lies.
They did not defend Chechnya and the law, but sharpened knives in honor of lawlessness.
Kadyrov squealed: “Every good Chechen must take revenge on the Russians for centuries-old oppression.”
And the renegade mullah appointed the number in order to become a mufti and spiritual head.
Kadyrov appointed one hundred and fifty innocent heads for each war.
Yes! Someone enthusiastically justified the massacre, not understanding the full value of the treacherous words.
No one remembered that the KGB once approved him to study at a madrasah.
So that later Kadyrov carefully weighs everything, and with a “clear conscience” the people sell it.
In the Union, then it was the law to select people for the service of the Lord,
So that these servants do not become an obstacle to irritate their people in the imperial game.
The KGB agent is an Orthodox patriarch, and the Chechen mufti is doubly a traitor.
Tied together by an inglorious idea, not to believe in the Creator, but to serve Satan.
China, Transcaucasia, Arab countries, Europe, America, Eastern countries.
No one will tolerate such deception. No one recognized a slave as president.
They called him the butcher for his murders; he doesn’t care about people’s curses.
But so that his own people don’t get him, he climbs into Russian arms like a whore.
Things in criminal Russia are not important; power has been strengthened at the cost of lawlessness.
The people are intimidated, and they are unable to strive to fight in order to fall again.
The world could not recognize the executioner as president, much less recognize the power of the Chechens.
He is covered by the Russian military contingent, and Putin will replace Kadyrov’s mother.
His son is the youngest executioner and traitor, inveterate murderer, human trafficker.
Cormorant is an unprincipled, cruel punisher, gives interviews through the Russian media.
Ramzan was awarded the Iron Cross, the desperate rogue swears to Allah,
He boasts of the cross in front of the guards, forgetting that his father is an imperial jester.
I’ll ask you, Chechens, why do you need freedom under the heel of Russian oppression?
Under the rule of a moral thieves monster, not peace will come to you, but war will return.
The one who serves the traitor will repent in his own soul, not finding righteousness.
And again he will take up arms, take revenge on his enemies, and not go back into the bushes.
Reckoning comes, it is one-sided. Behind her there is only death, humiliation and fear.
The corrupt clique will crumble into ashes, and everyone will be amazed by the scale of the lawlessness.
At the cost of betrayal and crimes, Kadyrov climbed onto the desecrated throne.
The scoundrel forgot about the dream of generations, causing enormous damage to Chechnya.
Aleroy. Quite a numerous teip, originating from Eastern Chechnya, but settled throughout the country. Aslan Alievich Maskhadov belongs to this teip. According to legend, the name of this teip was on the legendary bronze cauldron that the ancestors brought to Nashkha.
Along with Alera, the teips Benoy, Sontora, Belgata, Nihala, Terla, Varanda, Peshkha, Guna and other so-called “pure” teips were indicated there. According to the Chechen legend, representatives of non-primordial teips, secondary in origin, melted this cauldron.
Belgatoy. A large and famous teip in Chechnya. It was once a subdivision of the Beltoy teip. The legend about the origin of Belgatoy says that the Belgatoevs almost died out as a result of an epidemic that once happened, but then multiplied again, as evidenced by the etymology of the name ("bel" - to die, "gatto" - to resurrect). They are considered very energetic people.
Beltoy (Biltoy). Large and famous tape. The famous political figure Beibulat Taimiev, whom A.S. mentioned, came from him. Pushkin in the description of his journey to Erzurum. Now the Beltas are settled everywhere, but their original area is in the East of Chechnya (Nozhayurt district).
Benoy. One of the most numerous Chechen teips, perhaps the largest of them. One of the most famous Chechen businessmen, Malik Saidullaev, himself a Benoyevite and involved in the affairs of his teip, claims that out of 1 million Chechens, Benoyevites number 360 thousand. Settled throughout the republic. The Benoevites are divided into 9 clans-gars: Jobi-nekye, Uonzhbi-nekye, Asti-nekye, Ati-nekye, Chupal-nekye, Ochi-nekye, Devshi-nekye, Edi-nekye and Gurzh-makhkahoy. They took an active part in the Caucasian War of the last century. From among them comes the national hero Baysangur Benoevsky, who did not leave Shamil until his capture and did not surrender after Shamil’s surrender to the tsarist troops.
Many Benoevites are in the diaspora in the countries of Western Asia. Benoevites are the heroes of many comic stories in which they make fun of the clumsy figure or the village cunning of the Benoevites. At the same time, they are known for their fearlessness and loyalty to their word.
Apparently, the Benoevites formed the backbone of the democratic peasant strata, which several centuries ago overthrew their own aristocratic institutions and the power of the Kabardian and Dagestan rulers in Chechnya. These layers gave birth to the same mountain democracy, which became the social basis of the ethnic mentality of the Chechens.
Using Benoy as an example, we will illustrate the appearance of a foreigner in the teip. In the ancestral area of the Benoevs on the Aksai River there is a tract called Gurzhiin mokhk (Georgian place, possession). A. Suleymanov reports the following legend: “During the raid on neighboring Georgia, Benoev’s squad brought a Georgian boy. Growing up, the little captive gained great fame among his peers and adults for his strength, resourcefulness, dexterity, and beauty. He became an equal member of society, and was given a wife beauty, allocated land and helped build a house, gave working oxen, a cow, a horse. Subsequently, when the Georgian family grew, settlements were allocated, the farm grew. Then the Benoevs called this place Gurzhiin mokhk" (See: [A. Suleymanov. Toponymy of Chechnya. 2nd edition. Grozny, 1998. P.317]).
Varanda. One of the famous mountain tapes. The author of the last century, the first Chechen ethnographer Umalat Laudaev, claims that the varanda is of “alien origin.” In Chechnya, I heard the statement that they were of “Russian origin.” Most likely, this only speaks of their acceptance of fugitive Russian soldiers from the Caucasian War of the last century. The term varanda itself is known in historical documents of the 1st millennium. Another reason for the judgment about “Russian origin” may be related to the fact that the Varandoevites did not accept the Muslim faith for a long time and, in order to protect ancient beliefs, went to the mountains. Be that as it may, the Varandoyevites still preserve some ancient customs (like female circumcision) and unique Chechen folklore.
Gendargenoi. The teip to which Doku Gapurovich Zavgaev belongs. It is considered one of the most numerous teips and is therefore quite widely settled throughout Chechnya. Tape Gendargenoy came out of the historical center of Chechnya Nokhchiymokhka (Nokhchamakhk, “Country of Chechens”). This “Country of Chechens,” located in the basins of the Aksay and Michiga rivers and on the lands along the Terek, has always been the granary of not only Chechnya, but also Dagestan and even more distant countries. Economic and military power determined the existence of the cultural-political and ritual-religious pre-Islamic center of Nashkha in Nokhchiymokhk. One of the early Mekhk khels ("Council of the Country") was located in this center. From there, according to legend, all the “pure” Chechen teips came from. Among these teips is Gendargenoi.
Nokhchiimohk actually coincides with the formation that is known under the Turkic name Ichkeria. This part of Chechnya was occupied with difficulty by the tsarist troops in 1852. Only this event began to be considered in the historiography of the last century as the beginning of the end of the Caucasian War. Obviously, the government's adoption of D.M. Dudayev, the name Ichkeria as an official name should have meant both an introduction to the source of Chechen ethnogenesis and to the glorious page of resistance of the last century.
Gendargenoevites have always occupied a prominent place in the history of Chechnya.
During the Soviet years, many leaders at the economic and party level emerged from its members. During the "peaceful" years of 1991-1994. in Chechnya, one could hear complaints from Gendargenoites about the dominance of new, Dudayev-like personnel, mainly of “mountain” origin. The teip meetings held in those years by some people from the government of D.M. Dudayev were interpreted as an attempt to find support among the masses on the part of the old Soviet party nomenklatura.
Deshni. Mountain Chechen teip, settled in the southeast of Chechnya. Belongs to the famous “pure teips” that have their own mountain, near the Deshni teip - Deshni-lam. Some of the Deshni live in Ingushetia. The Deshni are known for the fact that by 1917 they retained surnames that were considered princely. In Chechnya, they humorously tell the story of how one of the representatives of such a family married a Georgian princess, passing off the teip mountain as his own.
Zurzakhoy. This teip is considered one of the original ones, because in its name it retained the ethnonym Dzurzuks, which in the Middle Ages the Georgians gave to the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush. According to M. Mamakaev, the Zurzakhoi teip was not part of the tukhums, occupying an independent position, just like the Maistoy, Peshkhoi and Sadoi teips.
Zumsoy (Dzumsoy). Mountain Chechen teip, bearing either a totemic name ("zu" - hedgehog; in Chechen symbolism he is the bearer of wisdom) or a professional name (zoom - mountain cart). He has always been one of the politically active Chechen teips. The Zumsoevites suffered extremely greatly from Soviet rule.
Gunoy. Famous Chechen teip, settled in the northeast of Chechnya. The Gunoevtsy are directly adjacent to the Terek Cossacks, with whom they have family ties. It is believed that much later than other Chechen teips converted to Islam.
Kalhoy (Kaloy). Mountain Chechen teip, to which Zelimkhan Yandarbiev belongs. The surname Kaloyev is known among the Ingush, as well as among the Ossetians.
Mulkoy. A small Chechen teip settled in the mountains (Shatoevsky district). Known for their resistance to the autocratic power of Shamil.
Nashkhoy. Nashkho is an area considered the birthplace of “pure teips”. This is the ethnogenetic center of the medieval Nokhchimatiens, who, according to Armenian historical sources, inhabited the southeast of Chechnya. (Armenian geography VII according to R.H. St. Petersburg, 1877. P.36). Sometimes the entire population of Nashkho is classified as one teip.
Sadoy. It is believed that this teip emerged from Biltoi (together with Belgata and Ustrada). All of them are from Nashkho (tukkhum Nokhchimokhoy).
At the same time, it is necessary to refer to the opinion of Akhmad Suleymanov that Sadoy was considered an aristocratic teip and princes (elies) came from it. A. Suleymanov (oral communication), citing the vowel Ali, derived this term from the ancient Caucasian socio-ethnic term Alan. At the same time, he believed that Sadoy is related to the Orsoy teip, since there is a merged term that refers to both groups: Sada-Orsi. In Orsy, Orsoy this author sees the descendants of the Greeks. Let us pay attention to the fact that Sadoi were not included in any of the tukhums, which perhaps indicates their foreign origin. At the same time, the aristocratic tradition of Sadoy is prestigious: it is honorable to give a name indicating this teip.
Let us remember Sado Misirbiev, a faithful friend of the young Leo Tolstoy. The ethnonym Ors - Aors can take us into the ethnogenetic layers of deep antiquity, perhaps associated with the Roxolani tribe, the possible ancestors of the Russians. The modern name for Russian Chechens is Orsi. It is noteworthy that “Chronology of the History of Checheno-Ingushetia” by A. Aidamirov (P. 6) begins with a reference to the 1st century AD, when there was a union of Gargareys and Isadaks, consisting of gardens and Khamkhits (there is an obvious typo in the text of the book - Hashkit. Should read Khamekits or Khamkhits. Discussion about the origin of this ethnonym from the Khamkhi River in the book by E. L. Krupnov "Medieval Ingushetia". M., 1971. P. 28.).
Turloy. It is believed that the Terloi teip settled from the Kirdy mountain tower complex. The ancestor is considered to be a man named Terloy. According to some sources, Terloy was an independent tukhum in the 16th-17th centuries. In contrast to the non-blood relationship of all teips, Terloi (according to M. Mamakaev) together with Chanti were once a consanguineous association. Now the Terloev people inhabit the territory along the upper reaches of the Argun. The Terla teip is associated with a set of legends about their possession of special, closed non-Muslim knowledge. It is possible that the Terloi were a caste of fire-worshipping priests (Assumption by S.A. Khasiev, expressed orally).
Turkhoi(Turks from Gashan-chu). In the Vedeno region there is a small group that considers itself to be a “Turkish” teip. They also live in Roshni-chu.
Kharachoy. Tape of the famous Zelimkhan Kharachoevsky. This is also the tape of Ruslan Imranovich Khasbulatov. This tape found its way onto the pages of written Russian documents early on. But in the ethnographic reality of our days, the population of eastern Chechnya still has the memory that “Kharachoevites began to marry Russians earlier than others.”
The close ties of the Kharachoevites with Russia did not prevent their environment from nominating at the beginning of this century one of the most outstanding fighters against the injustices of tsarism - the abrek Zelimkhan Kharachoevsky.
In Chechnya, they treat the Kharachoev teip with great respect and believe that its representatives are endowed with a special mind. True, they are reproached for talking loudly. There is probably not a single tape about which something similar would not be said. But this is already the area of Chechen humor, which, by the way, was once valued by Shamil.
Hindhoy. A small Chechen teip settled in the mountains in the Galanchozh region. By origin, the Hindkhoevites belong to the branch of the Orstkhoevtsy (Karabulaks), who were part of the Chechens. Another branch joined the Ingush. The Orstkhoevites living on the plain suffered the greatest losses as a result of the Caucasian War of the last century. Some of the remaining Orsthoevites moved to the countries of Western Asia, some went to the mountains, like Hindkhoy.
Tsontoroy (Tsentoroy). This is one of the most numerous tapes. (In terms of numbers, only the Benoevites compete with him). They are divided into Korni-nekye, Oki-nekye and other groups that claim independence. The etymology of Tsontoroi probably goes back to the designation of the priestly profession. Apparently, this was reflected in the wary attitude of the Tsontoroites towards Shamil and his supporters. There is evidence in the literature that Shamil took revenge on the Tsontoroites for the murder of one of his associates. They are considered people of a restless, energetic disposition. Settled mainly in the eastern part of Chechnya.
Charta. A very interesting teip, known for the fact that the Chartoevites did not fight, but were always peacemakers and mediators in intra-Chechen affairs. Representatives of other teips have the opinion that the “Chartoy” is of Jewish origin.
Chermoy. One of the famous Chechen teips, to which the famous oil industrialist and political figure Tapa Chermoev belonged. The main settlement center of the Chermoyevites is the village of Mekhkety. They have a ancestral mountain Chermoy-lam. But before, according to legend, they lived in the mountainous area of Maista.
Elistanzhi. This teip comes from the Vedeno district of the village of Khattuni. From there he moved to Aldy near present-day Grozny. This teip is famous for the fact that Sheikh Mansur (Ushurma), born, apparently, in 1765, came from it.
Engenoy. Settled throughout Chechnya. It is considered the teip from which Muslim preachers and religious leaders - sheikhs - come. Indeed, many sheikhs came from Engenoi.
Ersena. Teip, located in eastern Chechnya in the historical region of Nokhchimokh (Shalinsky, Gudermes district). After Tamerlane's campaigns, this was one of the first teips to move back to the plain. These teips were considered aristocratic. Now their representatives are credited with high spiritual qualities. In the etymology of "Ersenoy", the native speaker feels a connection with the masculine principle (Compare: er buh = uncastrated bull, Russian bugai).
Yalkhoroy. The surname of Dzhokhar Dudayev comes from this teip. There is a village called Yalkhoroy, named after the teip. According to some versions, dependent people belonged to this teip; according to others, on the contrary, it was a teip that had hired workers. Most likely, the origin of this teip is connected with a professional caste organization and the Yalkhors were warriors who received payment from other teips for guarding borders. In M. Mamakaev’s research on Chechen teips, Yalkhoroi are listed among the indigenous Chechen teips. Obviously, Yalkhoroi refers to the Orstkhoi component in the ethnogenesis of the Chechens, which we will discuss below in more detail. In Ingushetia, I recorded a legend that some surnames are related to the surname D.M. Dudaeva. For example, the surname of the Dakievs, who, according to legend, have common relatives with the Dudayevs in the sixth generation. According to this version, the first Dakievs, together with the Aushevs and Musolgovs, founded the village of Surkhokhi in Ingushetia. The Ingush branch of the Dudayevs also lives in Ingushetia.
The Orstkhoi origin of Yalkhoroi deserves special attention, if only because the local group of Orstkhoi people - the Myalkhistians - are considered in Chechnya the most devoted supporters of D.M. Dudaeva. It is the Myalkhists who make up the main population of the village of Bamut. Work among the Myalkhists convinced me that they are, indeed, descendants of the most militarily powerful unit of the Vainakh ethnic group, the Orstkhoi (Karabulaks). Since ancient times they inhabited the North Caucasus plain. They found themselves deep in the mountains, in Myalkhist, between the upper reaches of the Argun and Meshekhi, probably during Tamerlane’s devastating campaigns across the North Caucasus, and here they included the original mountain Vainakh population. The memory of an unclear division into natives and newcomers can still be traced among the Myalkhists.
In the mountains, the Myalkhist people did not lose their warlike disposition and waged periodic wars with Georgia. (Their territory borders Khevsureti). The Myalkhistites sheltered Ordzhonikidze from capture by the Tsarist secret police. The cult of militancy, along with other mountain values such as reverence for women and hospitality, in the opinion of the Myalkhist people themselves, distinguishes them from other Chechens. Some of them consider themselves people of princely dignity. Other Chechens are afraid of the decisive character of the Myalkhist people.
In the government bodies of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria under D.M. Dudaev turned out to have a lot of Myalkhistites. This sparked talk about their dominance in the republic. About the special attitude of D.M. Dudaev knows nothing about this problem. His patronage of the religious brotherhood of the Qadirians, represented by the Myalkhists, does not say anything, for this brotherhood is widespread in Chechnya and not only among the mountain population.
